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Hidden History 6 February 2017...

Image Source: Amazon link below


Topics: African Americans, Diaspora, Diversity in Science, STEM, Women in Science


A book report and cathartic confession on being "invisible."

Last year, I cheered for Cam Newton and the Carolina Panthers because... I grew up in North Carolina, and went to school K-12 and post secondary at North Carolina A&T. How could I NOT cheer for the Panthers?

I am now post another Super Bowl, this one I didn't watch. I considered the Patriots winning a foregone conclusion, and the choke by the Falcons was probably disappointing to classmates that now live in the ATL.

This Bowl is post a very divisive election season that gave us a divisive Chief Executive. His friendship with the owner, the coach and the quarterback only politicized it more than necessary. I watched the original Star Trek episodes on BBC America and checked in on Facebook. I'm disappointed, but not as emotional as last year.

Ralph Ellison does an excellent job of painting a picture of the times through the patronage of public HBCUs by dominant financiers and the political aspects of "The Brotherhood," that I thought was an inference to Red Scare Communism that inspired the government to spy on its own citizens through COINTELPRO. We've obviously recently locked arms with the Kremlin, though such fears still seem extended to brown people.

However, I must go to a "team-building" lunch today, post this game I did not see, for the reason I will publish as having "no dogs in the hunt." It will be true, and hopefully pivot conversations from politics to just work-related issues.

A way of using a superpower of my swagger: invisibility.

Amazon: Invisible Man is a milestone in American literature, a book that has continued to engage readers since its appearance in 1952. A first novel by an unknown writer, it remained on the bestseller list for sixteen weeks, won the National Book Award for fiction, and established Ralph Ellison as one of the key writers of the century. The nameless narrator of the novel describes growing up in a black community in the South, attending a Negro college from which he is expelled, moving to New York and becoming the chief spokesman of the Harlem branch of "the Brotherhood", and retreating amid violence and confusion to the basement lair of the Invisible Man he imagines himself to be. The book is a passionate and witty tour de force of style, strongly influenced by T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land, Joyce, and Dostoevsky.

Amazon.com Review

We rely, in this world, on the visual aspects of humanity as a means of learning who we are. This, Ralph Ellison argues convincingly, is a dangerous habit. A classic from the moment it first appeared in 1952, Invisible Man chronicles the travels of its narrator, a young, nameless black man, as he moves through the hellish levels of American intolerance and cultural blindness. Searching for a context in which to know himself, he exists in a very peculiar state. "I am an invisible man," he says in his prologue. "When they approach me they see only my surroundings, themselves, or figments of their imagination--indeed, everything and anything except me." But this is hard-won self-knowledge, earned over the course of many years.

As the book gets started, the narrator is expelled from his Southern Negro college for inadvertently showing a white trustee the reality of black life in the south, including an incestuous farmer and a rural whorehouse. The college director chastises him: "Why, the dumbest black bastard in the cotton patch knows that the only way to please a white man is to tell him a lie! What kind of an education are you getting around here?" Mystified, the narrator moves north to New York City, where the truth, at least as he perceives it, is dealt another blow when he learns that his former headmaster's recommendation letters are, in fact, letters of condemnation.

What ensues is a search for what truth actually is, which proves to be supremely elusive. The narrator becomes a spokesman for a mixed-race band of social activists called "The Brotherhood" and believes he is fighting for equality. Once again, he realizes he's been duped into believing what he thought was the truth, when in fact it is only another variation. Of the Brothers, he eventually discerns: "They were blind, bat blind, moving only by the echoed sounds of their voices. And because they were blind they would destroy themselves.... Here I thought they accepted me because they felt that color made no difference, when in reality it made no difference because they didn't see either color or men."

Invisible Man is certainly a book about race in America, and sadly enough, few of the problems it chronicles have disappeared even now. But Ellison's first novel transcends such a narrow definition. It's also a book about the human race stumbling down the path to identity, challenged and successful to varying degrees. None of us can ever be sure of the truth beyond ourselves, and possibly not even there. The world is a tricky place, and no one knows this better than the invisible man, who leaves us with these chilling, provocative words: "And it is this which frightens me: Who knows but that, on the lower frequencies, I speak for you?" --Melanie Rehak
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New Director...

Argonne physicist Kawtar Hafidi has been named the next director of the laboratory’s physics division. (Image by Wes Agresta/Argonne National Laboratory.)


Topics: Experimental Physics, Nuclear Physics, Research, Women in Science


Experimental nuclear physicist Kawtar Hafidi has been named the next director of Physics Division at the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory.

Hafidi, who currently serves as the laboratory’s Associate Chief Scientist for Laboratory-Directed Research & Development (LDRD), has 17 years of experience in leading and conducting fundamental research at major accelerator facilities in the United States and Europe.  As Associate Chief Scientist, she established transparent processes aimed at supporting Argonne’s most important scientific priorities and assuring the greatest possible return on early scientific investment.

Kawtar is an accomplished researcher with a great passion for science,” said Harry Weerts, Argonne Associate Laboratory Director for Physical Sciences and Engineering. “She brings to this role a strong vision for the future.”

As a researcher, Hafidi has focused on studying the structure of nucleons and nuclei in terms of their basic constituents, namely quarks and gluons, within the framework of the theory of strong interactions. Her work encompasses measurements of nuclear modification effects; three-dimensional imaging of nucleons and nuclei, the mechanisms of “vacuum” confinement and tests of charge symmetry violations.

Hafidi has also played a leading role in and received numerous awards for advocacy for increased diversity, both at Argonne and within the broader physics community. She is the author of more than 140 publications and has given more than 40 invited talks at international conferences, universities, and laboratories.

Argonne National Laboratory:
Kawtar Hafidi named director of Physics Division, Jared Sagoff

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Earth in Human Hands...

Image Source: Amazon link


Topics: Climate Change, Global Warming, Greenhouse Gases


Amazon: For the first time in Earth's history, our planet is experiencing a confluence of rapidly accelerating changes prompted by one species: humans. Climate change is only the most visible of the modifications we've made--up until this point, inadvertently--to the planet. And our current behavior threatens not only our own future but that of countless other creatures. By comparing Earth's story to those of other planets, astrobiologist David Grinspoon shows what a strange and novel development it is for a species to evolve to build machines, and ultimately, global societies with world-shaping influence.

Without minimizing the challenges of the next century, Grinspoon suggests that our present moment is not only one of peril, but also great potential, especially when viewed from a 10,000-year perspective. Our species has surmounted the threat of extinction before, thanks to our innate ingenuity and ability to adapt, and there's every reason to believe we can do so again.

Our challenge now is to awaken to our role as a force of planetary change, and to grow into this task. We must become graceful planetary engineers, conscious shapers of our environment and caretakers of Earth's biosphere. This is a perspective that begs us to ask not just what future do we want to avoid, but what do we seek to build? What kind of world do we want? Are humans the worst thing or the best thing to ever happen to our planet? Today we stand at a pivotal juncture, and the answer will depend on the choices we make.
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Hidden History 3 February 2017...

Higher education administrators, students and industry professionals gathered in Washington, D.C., to speak to Congressional staffers and representatives about the need to attract more African-American men to STEM. COURTESY GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY


Topics: African Americans, Diaspora, Diversity in Science, STEM, Women in Science


I recall once this observation being made by a new hire (at the time) rotational engineer and fellow Aggie I worked with at Motorola:

Him: "Reg!"

Me: "What?"

Him: "We were the 'only black engineers' in that room," my fellow alumni said.

Me: "And, we were and are the best damn engineers IN that room, or any other!" I shot back. "Do you have a problem with that?"

He gave me a grin and an "Aggie Pride" verbal acknowledgement. I reassured his swagger... his end-of-rotation presentation blew them away. I beamed with pride.

Black men are faulted for swagger, even President Obama received grief for it, although I think it largely pivoted on the southern racial parlance of "being uppity." Urban Dictionary defines swagger as: "How one presents him or her self to the world. Swagger is shown from how the person handles a situation. It can also be shown in the person's walk."

The interaction my younger alumni and I had happened and likely happens quite often. You have to learn the rules of the road rather quickly. Sometimes going to church, or a frat meeting, or a concert, or simply chatting on the phone with a close friend is how you de-stress; unwind.

More often than not, as Paul Lawrence Dunbar eloquently stated (and Dr. Maya Angelou gave her stupendous interpretation) it is a mask. It hides rage and disappointment at ignorant comments made around you, daring you to respond to a shout of "Black Lives Matter," when the discussion - about, you know, work - didn't even CENTER around that (this happened last year, 2016 during the divisive election cycle). When I challenged the individual by simply asking "what did you mean by that?", he slinked away like an Internet troll nervously and quickly changing the subject; suddenly remembering Human Resources exists for a reason. The struggle is no different in complexion or complexity in graduate school, as you are usually "the one," so you better be supremely confident in yourself or convince others you are until you are. Walk with confidence until you're sure you've mastered your situation, putting in the hard work until you do. Don't "fake it till you make it": make it!

Swagger... It covers a multitude of sins that could be committed when you're not in control of your emotions. Thankfully, I have access to a 300 pound heavy bag at my community's gym that takes the abuse instead! At least 37 years of martial arts training and channeled anger keeps me in reasonably good shape.

Swagger... Never let 'em see you sweat unless they see you in the gym!

It's not often that you hear calls for more men to participate in science, technology, engineering and math fields.

Advocates consistently beat the drum to find ways to engage more female and minority students in STEM fields, which are still largely dominated by men. But within that group is perhaps one of the most underrepresented demographics: African-American men.

Among U.S. citizens and permanent residents, the number of black men who earn science and engineering doctorates grew by more than 25 percent in 10 years, according to data from the National Science Foundation. While that appears to be a large growth, the absolute numbers barely budged between 2003 and 2013 – inching up from just 631 of 13,921 recipients to 798 of 16,542 recipients – and the representation has stayed essentially flat, between 4.5 percent and 4.8 percent of all science and engineering doctorates. The number of science and engineering bachelor's degrees awarded to black men increased 45 percent, from 12,484 in 2002 to 18,102 in 2012. But similarly, black men as a proportion of all science and engineering bachelor's degree recipients has remained essentially unchanged, at 6.1 percent in 2002 and 6.2 percent in 2012.

Like women and other minority groups, African-American men are also underrepresented in the workforce. Census data show that in 2010, African-American men made up 6.2 percent of the population between 18 and 64 years old. But in the same year, the NSF reported that black men represented just 3 percent of scientists and engineers working in those fields.

US News: African American Men: The Other STEM Minority, Allie Bidwell

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How Should a Beginner go About Networking?

So, I am a very green SFF writer in a city--Memphis--that is not very nurturing to my genre. This is due to the fact that there is not a significant amount of established writers here.

Here is what I want to know:

1) How crucial are writing groups to local networking? There are no well-known groups here, so I may have to create my own if need be.

2) What should I seek to accomplish in networking with people in the SFF industry?

3) How crucial are Sci Fi-centered conventions to networking and selling books?

Thanks!

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Doing Another Ad Deal!!!

Are you just talking about building a black economy or are you serious about doing it? Tag A Black Business Owner!

When BryanStevenRoger and I started JBN - Jericho Broadcast Networks one of our primary goals was to provide Black Owned Business an affordable way to advertise over a long period of time. If you follow our plan we will show you the ROI! Measurable Results are what we can provide!!! I am tagging ALL of my FRIENDS & FAMILY who have businesses in these particular cities with 3 possible upgrades:

We are targeting 7 major metro areas: #1-Atlanta, GA, #2-Orlando-Tampa, FL #3-DMV, #4-Dallas, TX, #5-Chicago, IL, #6-Los Angeles, CA, #7-Palm Beach-Miami, FL

Here are the short versions of the deals and upgrades:

Get 100 ads per month for a year for only $150! 80 radio, 10-30 sec & 10-15 second video ads per month, also get a 30 minute feature done on your business that will air on our network: Click the link to Pay in Full Now: https://www.paypal.me/JBN150for12/150

Upgrade #1: Double Up! Get 200 ads per month for a year for only $300! 160 radio, 30-30 sec & 10-15 second video ads per month, also get a 30 minute feature done on your business as well as a live broadcast done from your business or an hour during the next year. Click Here to Pay In Full Now: https://www.paypal.me/JBN150for12/300

Upgrade #2: Power Up! Get 250 ads per month for a year for only $450! 200 radio, 30-30 sec & 20-15 second BCSN video ads per month, also get a 60 minute feature done on your business as well as 2 live broadcast done from your business for an hour or 1-2 hour broadcast during the next year. Click Here to Pay In Full Now: https://www.paypal.me/JBN150for12/450

Upgrade #3: 45 Days to pay! Take your choice of plans above and take 45 days to pay. Make a first payment of 1/3 of your package cost and you will be billed for the other two payments 15 and 30 days from your first payment Click Here to Pay Now: https://www.paypal.me/JBN150for12/

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filling my sketchbook

What am I up too....besides working at a grocer, filling another sketchbook. Been hooked on combining quonset huts with shipping containers. Living in big boxes will drive ya nuts so I added quonset huts to get an arched ceiling. Also wondering if all steel structures are a good thing. Plywood and foam sandwich panels, wood post and beam and adobe are much better materials organically, psychologically and economically. I also think about having curved walls so that rooms are not square, art that is not square. I can't imagine too much technology in a personal space. Something about interaction on a base level vs time saving devices. They only save time if you are in a hurry to go to work for someone else. Personal elevators, how ever they function, are very cool. How do you build a place for less stress and distractions. One reason we are not more developed than we are is the intrusive media. We get flooded with ideas and speakings of all kinds, good, bad and real ugly. We need a filter and a flow rate control and an off switch. Personal, it is all personal now yet some of our biggest arguments are when we must choose a social distinction, philosophical, religious, historical label, genetic source vs the government legal code designation. The kool thing is that we can design a concept and live it and if you can train your children in this way.........utopia or the nut house is yours.

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Musing Hydrogen...

Harvard physicists say they photographed hydrogen in three different forms, from left to right: transparent hydrogen, black hydrogen, and finally, shiny metallic hydrogen. (R. Dias and I.F. Silvera) Source: Forbes.com

Topics: Condensed Matter Physics, Materials Science, Research, Theoretical Physics

Disclaimer: I was just as initially psyched by the reports of Metallic Hydrogen at Harvard. It's been theoretical since I was an undergrad (and that was a long time ago). Then, I remembered all the hype over cold fusion and calmed down. The key to my skepticism is repetition: another lab (several, in fact) will have to repeat the experiment to within an acceptable degree of error to one another. It will have to face grueling peer review that won't be kind, or for the squeamish. It's through this process we can distinguish science from malarkey.



Two physicists say that they have crushed hydrogen under such immense pressures that the gas became a shiny metal — a feat that physicists have been trying to accomplish for more than 80 years.

But other researchers have serious doubts about the claim, the latest in a field with a long history of failed attempts.

Ranga Dias and Isaac Silvera, both physicists at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, first posted a report of their results on the arXiv preprint server last October [1], which attracted immediate criticism. A peer-reviewed version of the report was published on 26 January in Science [2], but sceptics say that it includes little new information.

Five experts told Nature’s news team that they do not yet believe the claim, and need more evidence. “I don’t think the paper is convincing at all,” says Paul Loubeyre, a physicist at France’s Atomic Energy Commission in Bruyères-le-Châtel.

Silvera and Dias say that they wanted to publish their first observation before making further tests on their fragile material.

Nature: Physicists doubt bold report of metallic hydrogen, Davide Castelvecchi

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Red Nova...

STSci

Topics: Astronomy, Astrophysics, Cosmology

It's only five years away...

In 2022, there will be a spectacular sky show. Two stars will merge into one, pushing out excess gas into an explosion known as a red nova. At magnitude 2, it will be as bright as Polaris in the sky, and just behind Sirius and Vega in brightness. The collision in the constellation of Cygnus will be visible for up to six months.

That’s pretty impressive. What’s more impressive: we’ve never been able to predict a nova before. But Lawrence Molnar, a professor of astronomy and physics at Calvin College, was able to find a pair of oddly behaving stars giving an indication of what might happen.

The objects, termed KIC 9832227, are currently contact binaries. Contact binary refers to two objects that are so close they are currently touching. The object was discovered by Kepler. The expected outcome is a merger between the two stars that will put on quite a show. Because both are low mass stars, the expected temperature is low, with Molnar terming it a “red nova.”

Astronomy: Two stars will merge in 2022 and explode into red fury, John Wenz

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Hidden History 1 February 2017...

Image Source: Emily's Quotes

Topics: African Americans, History, Diaspora, Diversity in Science, Women in Science

Okay, I lied.

I lied when I said I wasn't going to talk anymore about Hidden Figures. I obviously featured it on #P4TC and that AFTER I bought the book the movie was based on. Congrats to the cast for the Screen Actor's Guild Award for best cast (Denzel Washington and Viola Davis won Best Actor and Best Supporting Actress respectively).

I also lied that I wouldn't do special months again. It's usually a double post of science papers that I've read and a post for the respective history month: I've done posts for African American History Month; Women's History Month and Hispanic Heritage Month. It's enjoyable, but exhausting as a lot of thought goes into the posts so as to not repeat themes/stories/history.

However, lies ("alternative facts") are fast becoming truth and verifiable, factual truth lies. A Federal Republic: "is a type of government made up of smaller areas such as states or provinces where the central government cedes certain powers to the individual areas for self-government purposes. The citizens of the federal republic elect their own representatives to lead them," [1] and only functions well when reality can be judged and fairly reported on by its leadership to the governed.

Even before "alternative facts" recently entered our lexicon, some disturbing tendencies have already been documented:

The Civil War "wasn't about slavery, but about state's rights," a canard continually debunked, but apparently taught in public schools still.

- In Texas, slaves were referred to as "workers," hinting at volition instead of what can properly be termed as a kidnapping. A concerned mother pointed that out in 2015.

- The aforementioned Hidden Figures.

- When you think African American, Black, Negro, what's the first thing that comes to mind: scientists, engineers, or athletes and thugs? Transmitted images, shape narrative and matter in how we interact with one another individually and as a republic.

Truth, and our own thoughts are going to be precious things in days to come. They always have been, and why power tends to spend inordinate money and time to shape narratives of cultures in particular and civilization in general. It is why Dr. Woodson created Negro History Week (as it was originally know) which has evolved into African American History Month. It is not just the Negro mis-educated, but a sizable number within the American electorate that still believe social myths of innate superiority; a faux hierarchy that can only be attributed to racism, pseudoscience and magical thinking. [2]

Our society has always been herded by the powerful through the control of information, from print media to radio; radio to television and now Net Neutrality threatens to alter the Internet commons into a "Ministry of Truth," [3, 4] accessible only on a tiered payment system, bringing back the "information superhighway debates" of the nineties.

Affirming our humanity, truth: precious, manipulable and fleeting is the last real commodity we all have. What will be presented this February roaring like a lion, will be our collective Hidden History; it will be the TRUTH.

1. Reference.com: What is a federal republic?

2. "If you can control a man's thinking you do not have to worry about his action. When you determine what a man shall think you do not have to concern yourself about what he will do. If you make a man feel that he is inferior, you do not have to compel him to accept an inferior status, for he will seek it himself. If you make a man think that he is justly an outcast, you do not have to order him to the back door. He will go without being told; and if there is no back door, his very nature will demand one."

Dr. Carter G. Woodson, The Mis-Education of the Negro

3. “Freedom is the freedom to say that two plus two make four. If that is granted, all else follows.” George Orwell, 1984

4. Star Trek, The Next Generation: "There...Are...Four...Lights!"
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Flexible Ferroelectrics...

A scanning electron microscopy image of flexible haloimidazole crystals, which were found to show both ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties. (Image by Seungbum Hong/Argonne National Laboratory.)

Topics: Condensed Matter Physics, Nanotechnology, Materials Science, Metamaterials, Solid State Physics

Until recently, “flexible ferroelectrics” could have been thought of as the same type of oxymoronic phrase. However, thanks to a new discovery by the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory in collaboration with researchers at Northwestern University, scientists have pioneered a new class of materials with advanced functionalities that moves the idea from the realm of irony into reality.

Ferroelectrics are a useful type of material that is found in capacitors that are used in sensors, as well as computer memory and RFID cards. Their special properties originate from the fact that they contain charged regions polarized in a specific orientation, which can be controlled with an external electric field. But they’ve also had a big drawback as engineers try to use them in new inventions.

“Ferroelectric materials are known for being quite brittle, and so it has always been a big challenge to make them mechanically flexible,” said Argonne nanoscientist Seungbum Hong, who helped to lead the research. “Because ferroelectricity and this kind of flexibility are relatively rare properties to see on their own, to have both ferroelectricity and flexibility in this new material is basically unprecedented.”

Argonne National Laboratory: Flexible ferroelectrics bring two material worlds together

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A Need For Starships...

Popular Mechanics (Discovery 1: 2001 - A Space Odyssey): What Would a Starship Actually Look Like?

Topics: NASA, Politics, Space Exploration, Star Trek

Star Trek was born in the 1960's during counter-culture demonstrations against the Vietnam War; for the Civil Rights Act (1964), Voting Rights Act (1965) and Fair Housing Act (1968). It was a decade of assassinations: Medgar Evers, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King and Robert F. Kennedy. It was an admittedly Pollyannaish futurism with fantastic technologies beyond the capabilities of our physics likely now and in the near future. From my perspective as an African American and a budding science nerd, it was a hope beyond the fear of nations annihilating each other, and that we'd stop fretting like paranoid, prehistoric Neanderthals over the magical powers of Melanin.

A recurring theme from old to new Trek is Native Americans. In Kirk's timeline, they were excavated from Earth by the aliens called the Preservers, resulting in temporary amnesia for James T and a stoned (the rocks kind) pregnant wife.

In the Next Generation, Picard met a tribe that left Terra on their own in the 22nd Century, using the fantastically impossible warp drive because we hadn't gotten to the Utopia of a United Federation of Planets. Ironically, they were again being asked to move, this time from a contested colonial planet between Federation and Cardassians.

Chakotay is described as a starfleet tactical officer, Maquis terrorist and Native American descendant: A renaissance man of sorts in the 24th Century. The Next Gen tie-in was his father died defending their home world on the same Cardassian outpost. As with a lot of Trek stories, his father would talk to him on vision quests in his often expressed Mayan spiritual traditions (i.e. no one ever really dies).

Boomers in the 22nd Century were people that lived most of their lives in space, many of them people of color as evidenced by Ensign Travis Mayweather.

Lastly, in the novel Federation, Zephram Cochrane‎ apparently released the plans for warp drive on the Internet: for the low price of $50,000 (which I assume covers radiation shielding) you too would go faster-than-light to (presciently) Alpha Centauri.

The Venn Diagram of the three previous examples I've given is a suggested departure, an Exodus from Mother Earth to a kind of Elysium without dying. The former Native Americans carried with them their culture and traditions as I'm sure Mayweather and his family carried theirs. Perhaps Roddenberry and subsequent writers were suggesting a social pressure for Earthlings to finally listen to their better angels, kind of a societal potty-training (embarrassment can be an effective motivator).

It occurred to me: what if we COULD voluntarily leave? At one-tenth the speed of light (0.10 c) would involve time dilation, so for every year on your starship several years (if not decades or centuries, depending on the destination) would pass on Earth. Whatever problems you experienced with say, discrimination and xenophobia (traffic tickets, or worse) would be consumed by considerable distance and time. What would be the reaction of "powers that be?" A backlash, perhaps? "Legal" blocks put in to keep humans planet-bound, preventing pilgrims to the stars on an "over-ground railroad?" It's hard to reinforce a hierarchical society of implicit bias and income inequality when The Untouchables (traditional and figurative) decide to leave the planetary caste system.

We are bound by our own terrestrial limits and tribal prejudices. We are stymied by our fears of the unknown; of "the other"; of facts that don't comport to our preconceived notions and beliefs. Lacking critical thinking and reasoning skills, we violently fight the unknown, the only outcome being the eventual destruction of that which is feared, or self-destruction by one's own fears.

Spaceflight is not trivial: radiation (as I've mentioned), lack of gravity causing muscle deterioration and mineral loss from bones; long-term weightlessness seems to result in nearsightedness in astronauts on the ISS. Not to mention: food, and bathrooms (delicately, someone's going to have to figure out how to have sex in less than 1 g). Near-miraculous technologies like 0.10 c propulsive acceleration, rotating habitats to simulate gravity and adequate radiation shielding have yet to be created. Such design breakthroughs require an environment a little less hostile to science and facts as I'm currently observing in the US.

The need for the overview effect on an extensive, massive scale, seeing ourselves teamed to survive even as close as Mars, or mining the asteroid belts. Space programs such as that of a starship or interplanetary engines requires cooperation across borders and economies; across cultures and religious differences. It's hard to war with the other when the same shared goal is surviving to the next day.

Currently, homophobia, racism, sexism, xenophobia (translate: fear, the bedrock of hierarchical, caste-based societies) and consumer driven, cronyism-rewarding technology is threatening the continued existence of the species.

A visible hope: I had meant to complete "Invisible Man" by Ralph Ellison last Friday during my fast from the inaugural festivities. My small stance seemed to have contributed an effect.

At a local restaurant, I was reading the book waiting for my meal in front of a gas-powered fireplace, decorated with the head of a buck, the portrait of a couple (likely, the owner-founders); a fireman's cap, a safety cap, waffle iron and snow shoes.

A gentleman was sitting with who appeared to me his father and son, three generations enjoying a late breakfast at Cracker Barrel. He noticed my book and it sparked a conversation: I found out he had read the book, loaned to him by his best friend. He raved about it, describing details from the first part of it only someone who had read it would know (specifically, New York fight clubs). At his friend's untimely death at 26, he found a photo of he and his friend in Prague inside the pages. He described his cherub, blonde son as a "miracle baby": he and his wife had tried to adopt 3 times unsuccessfully. His wife was finally pregnant, long enough for his mother to see his son's "bump." She died two months before he was born. I told him how old my adult sons were and to enjoy his. All this from a book I neglected to finish last week. I'm glad I didn't and appreciative of the human connection it fostered. I plan to complete it this week. The hard copy of "1984" is currently out-of-stock on Amazon. As apropos as it is, I recommend this and other classics as we grope through this current darkness.

Earth and Vulcan apparently survived their fictional world wars and flights of emotion and irrationality that led to them. An initial Exodus (Earthlings to Centauri; Vulcans to Romulus) pushed their fictional societies towards an overview enlightenment.

But things only happen perfectly in Star Trek, such that life may NOT imitate art.
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Ode to Buzz Lightyear...

Artist's illustration of the New Horizons spacecraft flying by the Kuiper Belt object 2014 MU69 on Jan. 1, 2019 Credit: NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI/Alex Parker
Topics: NASA, Planetary Science, Pluto, Space Exploration, Spaceflight
To Pluto and beyond!
Nearly two years after its historic encounter with the dwarf planet Pluto, NASA's New Horizons spacecraft is getting ready for its next big adventure in the icy outskirts of the solar system.
Now, the spacecraft is on its way to a small, ancient object located about 1 billion miles (1.6 billion kilometers) beyond Pluto in the Kuiper Belt. This distant region surrounds the solar system and is filled with trillions of icy rocks that have yet to be explored. The new target was discovered by the Hubble Space Telescope in June 2014, and it was dubbed 2014 MU69.
A world of discoveries
It took the spacecraft about 16 months to beam back all of its data from the Pluto flyby, and planetary scientists have had a ball with that data.
"The New Horizons flyby of the Pluto system was completely successful, and now we've got all the data on the ground and we're putting a bow around it," Alan Stern, the New Horizons principal investigator at Southwest Research Institute, said in a Facebook Live event on Thursday (Jan. 19).
Thanks to New Horizons, scientists now have a global map of Pluto and the most detailed images yet of the dwarf planet's bizarre, mountainous landscape and icy volcanoes. Tall mountain ranges seen on Pluto also suggest recent geological activity on the dwarf planet's surface.
Space.com: Beyond Pluto: NASA's New Horizons Spacecraft Heads to Next AdventureHanneke Weitering, Staff Writer-Producer
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Recipe For Time Crystals...

Figure 1: Yao et al. [7] have developed a blueprint for creating a time crystal and a method for detecting it, which has been followed by two experimental groups [8, 9]. Quantum spins are subjected to imperfect spin-flip driving pulses and then allowed to interact with each other in the presence of strong random disorder in the local magnetic fields. The sequence repeats after a total time period T, but the spin system exhibits emergent oscillations with period 2T—the hallmark of a discrete quantum time crystal. [Credit: APS/Alan Stonebraker/Phil Richerme]


Topics: Computer Science, Quantum Computer, Quantum Mechanics, Theoretical Physics


A detailed theoretical recipe for making time crystals has been unveiled and swiftly implemented by two groups using vastly different experimental systems.

The story of time crystals—whose lowest-energy configurations are periodic in time rather than space—epitomizes the creative ideas, controversy, and vigorous discussion that lie at the core of the scientific process. Originally theorized by Frank Wilczek in 2012 [1] (see 15 October 2012 Viewpoint), time crystals were met with widespread attention, but also a healthy dose of skepticism [2]. This ignited a debate in the literature, culminating in a proof that time crystals cannot exist in thermal equilibrium, as originally imagined by Wilczek [3]. But the tale did not end there. It was later argued that time crystals might still be possible in periodically driven systems, which can never reach thermal equilibrium [4–6]. Three recent papers have now completed the story, one proposing a roadmap for creating a nonequilibrium time crystal in the lab [7], and two describing subsequent experimental demonstrations in systems of trapped ions [8] and spin impurities in diamond [9] (both posted on the physics arXiv preprint server).

Empty space exhibits continuous translation symmetry: nothing distinguishes one point from any other. Yet ordinary crystals break this symmetry because atoms are periodically arranged in specific locations and display long-range spatial correlations. Given that we live in four-dimensional spacetime, it is natural to wonder if an analogous process of crystallization and symmetry breaking can arise along the time dimension as well [1]. If it does, then any such time crystal should return back to its initial state at specific times, while spontaneously locking to an oscillation period that differs from that of any external time-dependent forces. Hence this definition excludes all known classical oscillatory systems such as waves or driven pendulums.

APS Physics Viewpoint: How to Create a Time Crystal, Phil Richerme
#P4TC: Time Crystals, October 13, 2016

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Euler's Method...

From Notes on Diffy Qs: Differential Equations for Engineers, by Jirí Lebl

"What if we want to find the value of the solution at some particular x? Or perhaps we want to produce a graph of the solution to inspect the behavior. In this section we will learn about the basics of numerical approximation of solutions.

The simplest method for approximating a solution is Euler’s method. It works as follows: We take x0 and compute the slope k = f (x0; y0). The slope is the change in y per unit change in x. We follow the line for an interval of length h on the x axis. Hence if y = y0 at x0, then we will say that y1 (the approximate value of y at x1 = x0 + h) will be y1 = y0 + hk. Rinse, repeat! That is, compute x2 and y2 using x1 and y1." See Notes on Diffy Qs above (under graphic)


Topics: Differential Equations, Diversity in Science, Mathematics, Women in Science

Okay, this is the LAST time I'll talk about Hidden Figures (although I did order the book).

Not to spoil it for you, but Dr. Katherine Johnson (played by Taraji P. Henson) mentioned an "old method" of mathematics. What both the actress and NASA scientist referred to is something you're taught usually sophomore year in a STEM major. Euler's Method is named after Leonhard Euler, and it's used to numerically approximate differential equations, something in the movie and the embed below alludes to is now done by what we now know as computers (the laptop kind, not female mathematicians).

It is important to understand the steps, derivation and mathematics behind computer calculation. How do you KNOW it's right? I'm often challenged as to "when I ever use Calculus" at work. Most often they're right, I don't. There's a software package designed with the equations embed within them to literally SPIT out an answer. The program doesn't have imagination nor does it visualize an expected end result. "The answer" is the end of a calculation without any notion of its consequences if incorrect.

Part of its practicality is essentially how the study of mathematics and physics organizes one's thinking. I use systematic approaches to solving just about any problem in life. However in Hidden Figures, it was initially the NASA scientists and eventually Dr. Johnson knowing the mathematics and relying on human insight and intuition that averted catastrophe, not that it doesn't happen when launching humans on the top of essentially systematic staged bombs to achieve Earth orbit.

The old riddle "which came first: the chicken or the egg?" can easily be answered with regards to computers and humans. The Singularity will have a ways yet.

François Arago said of him (Euler) "He calculated just as men breathe, as eagles sustain themselves in the air" (Beckmann 1971, p. 143; Boyer 1968, p. 482). [1]

In a testament to Euler's proficiency in all branches of mathematics, the great French mathematician and celestial mechanic Laplace told his students, "Liesez Euler, Liesez Euler, c'est notre maître à tous" ("Read Euler, read Euler, he is our master in everything" (Beckmann 1971, p. 153). [2]

1, 2: Scienceworld.Wolfram.com: Euler
LA Times:
Meet the ‘Hidden Figures’ mathematician who helped send Americans into space, Amina Khan

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Cosmic Mystery...

Figure 1: Both the LUX and PandaX-II experiments look for dark matter particles (Chi-Chi) by sensing their interaction with xenon atoms. The detector in each experiment consists of a large tank of ultrapure liquid xenon (dark purple) topped with xenon gas (light purple). An interaction produces two light signals, one from photons, S1, and another, S2, from electrons when they drift into the gas. The signals are detected by photomultiplier tubes at the top and bottom of the tank (yellow cylinders). [Credit: APS/Carin Cain]


Topics: Astronomy, Astrophysics, Cosmology, Dark Matter


Over 80 years ago astronomers and astrophysicists began to inventory the amount of matter in the Universe. In doing so, they stumbled into an incredible discovery: the motion of stars within galaxies, and of galaxies within galaxy clusters, could not be explained by the gravitational tug of visible matter alone [1]. So to rectify the situation, they suggested the presence of a large amount of invisible, or “dark,” matter. We now know that dark matter makes up 84% of the matter in the Universe [2], but its composition—the type of particle or particles it’s made from—remains a mystery. Researchers have pursued a myriad of theoretical candidates, but none of these “suspects” have been apprehended. The lack of detection has helped better define the parameters, such as masses and interaction strengths, that could characterize the particles. For the most compelling dark matter candidate, WIMPs, the viable parameter space has recently become smaller with the announcement in September 2016 by the PandaX-II Collaboration [3] and now by the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) Collaboration [4] that a search for the particles has come up empty.

Since physicists don’t know what dark matter is, they need a diverse portfolio of instruments and approaches to detect it. One technique is to try to make dark matter in an accelerator, such as the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, and then to look for its decay products with a particle detector. A second technique is to use instruments such as the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope to observe dark matter interactions in and beyond our Galaxy. This approach is called “indirect detection” because what the telescope actually observes is the particles produced by a collision between dark matter particles. In the same way that forensic scientists rely on physical evidence to reverse-engineer a crime with no witnesses, scientists use the aftermath of these collisions to reconstruct the identities of the initial dark matter particles.

The third technique, and the one used in both the LUX and PandaX-II experiments, is known as “direct detection.” Here, a detector is constructed on Earth with a massive target to increase the odds of an interaction with the dark matter that exists in our Galaxy. In the case of LUX and PandaX-II, the dark matter particles leave behind traces of light that can be detected with sophisticated sensors. This is akin to having placed cameras at the scene of a crime, capturing the culprit in the act.

The heart of both LUX, located in South Dakota in the US, and PandaX-II, situated in Sichuan, China, is a time-projection chamber. This consists of a large tank of ultrapure liquid xenon—250 kg at LUX and 500 kg at PandaX-II—topped with xenon gas (Fig. 1). A particle (dark matter or ordinary matter) that enters the chamber and interacts with a xenon atom in the liquid generates photons (by scintillation) and electrons (by ionization). The photons produce a signal, S1, which is read by photomultiplier tubes located at the top and bottom of the tank. The electrons are instead coaxed into the gaseous portion of the detector by an electric field where they induce a second round of scintillation and a signal S2. The pattern of S1 and S2 signals is different when the xenon interacts with a dark matter particle than with an ordinary particle, which is what allows scientists to distinguish between two such events. To reduce the background signal from ordinary particles, both LUX and PandaX-II are buried underground to provide protection from cosmic rays. In addition, the use of ultrapure materials in the construction of the experiment cuts the background contributed by radioactive emissions.

APS Viewpoint: Dark Matter Still at Large
Jodi A. Cooley, Department of Physics, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Ave., Dallas, TX 75205, USA
January 11, 2017• Physics 10, 3

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It was the summer of 2016 and molecular and cellular biologist/multidisciplinary artist Ashley Baccus-Clark was gifting herself a day of self-care. The police shootings of Alton Sterling and Philando Castile had left her, like so many black Americans, anguished and weary. She tried to ease her heartache by visiting Storm King, the 500-acre sculpture park in upstate New York where hulking man-made forms dwell among rolling green fields.

Click here for the full article

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Intrinsic Disorder...

Ricardo Bessa for Quanta Magazine


Topics: Biology, Biochemistry, Biophysics, Research


Proteins work like rigid keys to activate cellular functions — or so everyone thought. Scientists are discovering a huge number of proteins that shape-shift to do their work, upending a century-old maxim of biology.

Structure equals function: If there’s one thing we all learned about proteins in high school biology, that would be it. According to the textbook story of the cell, a protein’s three-dimensional shape determines what it does — drive chemical reactions, pass signals up and down the cell’s information superhighway, or maybe hang molecular tags onto DNA. For more than a century, biologists have thought that the proteins carrying out these functions are like rigid cogs in the cell’s machinery.

Of course, exceptions would occasionally crop up. A scientist might bump into a protein that performed its functions perfectly well yet didn’t have rigid structures. Most researchers chalked these cases up to experimental error, or dismissed them as insignificant outliers.

More recently, however, biologists have begun paying attention to these shapeshifters. Their findings are tearing down the structure-function dogma.

Proteins are chains of strung-together amino acids, and recent studies estimate that up to half of the total amino acid sequence that makes up proteins in humans doesn’t fold into a distinct shape. (While some of the proteins that make up this total are unstructured from end to end, others contain long unstructured regions side-by-side with structured ones.) “Partly, people didn’t realize how big that number was, and that’s why they ignored it,” said Julie Forman-Kay, a biochemist at the Hospital for Sick Children and the University of Toronto. “And partly they just didn’t know what to think of it.”

This fluidity — dubbed “intrinsic disorder” — endows proteins with a set of superpowers that structured proteins don’t have. Folded proteins tend to bind to their targets firmly, like a key in a lock, at just one or two spots, but their more stretched-out wiggly cousins are like molecular Velcro, attaching lightly at multiple locations and releasing with ease. This quick-on-quick-off binding’s effect in the cell is huge: It allows intrinsically disordered proteins — or IDPs, for short — to receive and respond to a slew of molecular messages simultaneously or in rapid succession, essentially positioning them to serve as cellular messaging hubs, integrating these multiple signals and switching them on and off in response to changes in the cell’s environment and to keep cellular processes ticking along as they should.

Quanta Magazine: The Shape-Shifting Army Inside Your Cells
Alla Katsnelson

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Squeezing Below The Quantum Limit...





NIST researchers applied a special form of microwave light to cool a microscopic aluminum drum to an energy level below the generally accepted limit, to just one fifth of a single quantum of energy. Having a diameter of 20 micrometers and a thickness of 100 nanometers, the drum beat 10 million times per second while its range of motion fell to nearly zero.

Credit: Teufel/NIST

Topics: Metamaterials, Nanotechnology, Quantum Computer, Quantum Mechanics


Physicists at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have cooled a mechanical object to a temperature lower than previously thought possible, below the so-called “quantum limit.”

The new NIST theory and experiments, described in the Jan. 12, 2017, issue of Nature, showed that a microscopic mechanical drum—a vibrating aluminum membrane—could be cooled to less than one-fifth of a single quantum, or packet of energy, lower than ordinarily predicted by quantum physics. The new technique theoretically could be used to cool objects to absolute zero, the temperature at which matter is devoid of nearly all energy and motion, NIST scientists said.

“The colder you can get the drum, the better it is for any application,” said NIST physicist John Teufel, who led the experiment. “Sensors would become more sensitive. You can store information longer. If you were using it in a quantum computer, then you would compute without distortion, and you would actually get the answer you want.”


NIST Physicists ‘Squeeze’ Light to Cool Microscopic Drum Below Quantum Limit
Laura Ost
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