Reginald L. Goodwin's Posts (3122)

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Lightness of Being...


German material scientists from Kiel University and the Hamburg University of Technology have created the world’s lightest material, dubbed aerographite.

One cubic centimeter of aerographite weighs just 0.2 milligrams, which is four times lighter than the previous record holder, 5,000 times less dense than water, and six times lighter than air. Aerographite is so light that it is difficult to work with it in a normal lab. Any small movement in the lab can create winds that blow the material around.

Euro News Sci-Tech: Lighter-than-air material discovered

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Sesquicentennial...



A tradition began Dec. 31, 1862, as many black churches held Watch Night services, awaiting word that Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation would take effect amid a bloody Civil War. Later, congregations listened as the president's historic words were read aloud.

Last night (other than fiscal cliff theatrics) was the 150th anniversary, or sesquicentennial, of that tradition; today the same for the Emancipation Proclamation.

It formed the world George Washington Carver would enter a year later: From 1915 to 1923, Carver concentrated on researching and experimenting with new uses for peanuts, sweet potatoes, soybeans, pecans, and other crops, as well as having his assistants research and compile existing uses. This work, and especially his speaking to a national conference of the Peanut Growers Association in 1920 and in testimony before Congress in 1921 to support passage of a tariff on imported peanuts, brought him wide publicity and increasing renown. In these years, he became one of the most well-known African Americans of his time. (Wikipedia)

It enabled Edward Alexander Bouchet to enter Yale in 1870, complete his dissertation in geometrical optics in 1876 becoming the first African American to earn a PhD in physics and the sixth American at that time to do so (see link at Edward's name).

There are many more that I could name, many names of note since. They exist because of an innate curiosity of the world around them, and an opportunity courageously presented; a freedom of simply being counted as part of humanity extended: to learn about it.

It was, and is, a world worth creating.

Hmm: ...my 1,013th posting for this blog, on 01/01/2013. Interesting.

National Society of Black Physicists:
NSBP Member Stephon Alexander Wins 2013 Edward Bouchet Award
NSBP Member Hakeem Oluseyi selected to be a TED Global 2012 Fellow

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Emancipation Proclamation anniversary: Watch Night ceremony held at National Archives
National Archives: The Emancipation Proclamation

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Once More...


I took a break yesterday, having an off-line life with family and friends here, here, here and here. Hence, I was too exhausted to blog.

I liked Tom Hiddleston in "Thor" and "The Avengers." Along with Henry V, these are works of fantasy. I'm sure this is how our leaders see themselves...

 

David H. Freedman wrote in Scientific American:

 

Financial-risk models got us in trouble before the 2008 crash, and they're almost sure to get us in trouble again

When it comes to assigning blame for the current economic doldrums, the quants who build the complicated mathematic financial risk models, and the traders who rely on them, deserve their share of the blame. [See “A Formula For Economic Calamity” in the November 2011 issue]. But what if there were a way to come up with simpler models that perfectly reflected reality? And what if we had perfect financial data to plug into them?

Incredibly, even under those utterly unrealizable conditions, we'd still get bad predictions from models.

The reason is that current methods used to “calibrate” models often render them inaccurate.

Model - Science Definition: A systematic description of an object or phenomenon that shares important characteristics with the object or phenomenon. Scientific models can be material, visual, mathematical, or computational and are often used in the construction of scientific theories. See also hypothesis, theory.

 

Models are a starting point, then they must bow to the unrelenting outcomes and consequences...of reality.

 

The educator in me challenges our congress to a simple test: the exit TAKS on social studies. Curious with your displayed acumen on governance what your scores would be.

 

Scientific American: Why Economic Models Are Always Wrong
Money Morning: Fiscal Cliff 2013

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Honor...

Here, the Edinburgh-based physicist stands in front of a portrait by artist Ken Currie

Physicist Peter Higgs, after whom the Higgs boson particle is named, has been recognised in the New Year Honours.



In the 1960s, Prof Higgs and other physicists proposed a mechanism to explain why the most basic building blocks of the Universe have mass.



The mechanism predicts the existence of a Higgs particle, the discovery of which was claimed this year at the Large Hadron Collider.



Prof Higgs has been made a Companion of Honour.



The recognition confers no title but is restricted to a select group of 65 for achievements in the arts, literature, music, science, politics, industry, or religion.



His discovery announced in July this year of a particle consistent with the Higgs boson immediately led to calls for the 83-year-old to be knighted.



He is now also considered to be a candidate for a Nobel prize, perhaps in conjunction with other physicists who reached similar conclusions at the same time.

BBC News: Peter Higgs: honour for physicist who proposed particle
By Paul Rincon
Science editor, BBC News website

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New PBS...


Ins and outs. In all four experiments, three photons run through an optical maze like this one.

Credit: J. B. Spring et al., Science (2012)

 

You've heard the hype a hundred times: Physicists hope to someday build a whiz-bang quantum computer that can solve problems that would overwhelm an ordinary computer. Now, four separate teams have taken a step toward achieving such "quantum speed-up" by demonstrating a simpler, more limited form of quantum computing that, if it can be improved, might soon give classical computers a run for their money. But don't get your hopes up for a full-fledged quantum computer. The gizmos may not be good for much beyond one particular calculation.


Even with the caveats, the challenge of quantum computing has proven so difficult that the new papers are gaining notice. "The question is, does this give you a first step to doing a hard calculation quantum mechanically, and it looks like it might," says Scott Aaronson, a theoretical computer scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge and an author on one of the papers.


Instead of flipping ordinary bits that can be set to either 0 or 1, a so-called universal quantum computer would manipulate quantum bits, or "qubits," that can be 0, 1, or, thanks to the weirdness of quantum mechanics, 0 and 1 at the same time. Crudely speaking, the quantum computer could crunch many numbers at once instead of doing them one at a time, as a "classical" computer must. So it could solve problems that would overwhelm a regular computer. For example, a full-fledged "universal" quantum computer could quickly factor huge numbers, an ability that could be used to break today's internet encryptions schemes.

 

Science: New Form of Quantum Computation Promises Showdown With Ordinary Computers

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Neuristor...

A cartoon showing spikes of activity traveling among neurons.

Computing hardware is composed of a series of binary switches; they're either on or off. The other piece of computational hardware we're familiar with, the brain, doesn't work anything like that. Rather than being on or off, individual neurons exhibit brief spikes of activity, and encode information in the pattern and timing of these spikes. The differences between the two have made it difficult to model neurons using computer hardware. In fact, the recent, successful generation of a flexible neural system required that each neuron be modeled separately in software in order to get the sort of spiking behavior real neurons display.

 

But researchers may have figured out a way to create a chip that spikes. The people at HP labs who have been working on memristors have figured out a combination of memristors and capacitors that can create a spiking output pattern. Although these spikes appear to be more regular than the ones produced by actual neurons, it might be possible to create versions that are a bit more variable than this one. And, more significantly, it should be possible to fabricate them in large numbers, possibly right on a silicon chip.

 

Ars Technica: Neuristor: Memristors used to create a neuron-like behavior

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Reliable Physics Prophesy...

Electricity can run between two superconductors even through electrically insulating barriers (yellow). Now researchers have found that a magnetic field (curved arrows) can switch the amount of heat that flows from a hot side (red) to a cold one (blue).

The strange world of quantum mechanics just got a little stranger with the discovery that a magnetic field can control the flow of heat from from one body to another. First predicted nearly 50 years ago, the effect might some day form the basis of a new generation of electronic devices that use heat rather than charge as the information carrier.


The research stems from the work of physicist Brian Josephson, who in 1962 predicted that electrons could 'tunnel' between two superconductors separated by a thin layer of insulator — a process forbidden in classical physics. The Josephson junction was subsequently built and used to make superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), which are now sold commercially as ultra-sensitive magnetometers.


In the latest work, Francesco Giazotto and María José Martínez-Pérez at the NEST nanoscience institute in Pisa, Italy, measured the devices’ thermal behaviour — that is, how the electrons inside them transfer heat. The duo heated one end of a SQUID several micrometres long and monitored the temperature of an electrode connected to it. A SQUID consists of two y-shaped pieces of superconductor joined together to form a loop, but with two thin pieces of insulating material sandwiched in between (see figure); as the researchers varied the magnetic field passing through the loop, the amount of heat flowing through the device also changed. The effect was in line with a theory put forward by Kazumi Maki and Allan Griffin in 1965.

 

Nature: Magnetism flips heat flow

Validation of long-predicted quantum effect points the way to thermal electronics.
Edwin Cartlidge

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The Top Ten...


The Physics World award for the 2012 Breakthrough of the Year goes "to the ATLAS and CMS collaborations at CERN for their joint discovery of a Higgs-like particle at the Large Hadron Collider". Nine other research initiatives are highly commended and cover topics ranging from energy harvesting to precision cosmology.



Of course, topping the list:
CERN discovers Higgs-like boson

 

Physics World: Physics World reveals its top 10 breakthroughs for 2012

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Black Hole Firewalls...

An illustration of a galaxy with a supermassive black hole shooting out jets of radio waves.
Image: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Alice and Bob, beloved characters of various thought experiments in quantum mechanics, are at a crossroads. The adventurous, rather reckless Alice jumps into a very large black hole, leaving a presumably forlorn Bob outside the event horizon — a black hole’s point of no return, beyond which nothing, not even light, can escape.

 


Conventionally, physicists have assumed that if the black hole is large enough, Alice won’t notice anything unusual as she crosses the horizon. In this scenario, colorfully dubbed “No Drama,” the gravitational forces won’t become extreme until she approaches a point inside the black hole called the singularity. There, the gravitational pull will be so much stronger on her feet than on her head that Alice will be “spaghettified.”

 


Now a new hypothesis is giving poor Alice even more drama than she bargained for. If this alternative is correct, as the unsuspecting Alice crosses the event horizon, she will encounter a massive wall of fire that will incinerate her on the spot. As unfair as this seems for Alice, the scenario would also mean that at least one of three cherished notions in theoretical physics must be wrong.

 

Scientific American: Black Hole Firewalls Confound Theoretical Physicists

If a new hypothesis about black hole firewalls proves correct, at least one of three cherished notions in theoretical physics must be wrong.

By Jennifer Ouellette and Simons Science News

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Tau Ceti...

...yet another reason to live and discover something close to 'warp drive' (OK, maybe a tenth light speed to begin with). A pick-me-up post, post the now-deflated Mayan apocalypse:



A sun-like star in our solar system's backyard may host five planets, including one perhaps capable of supporting life as we know it, a new study reports.

Astronomers have detected five possible alien planets circling the star Tau Ceti, which is less than 12 light-years from Earth — a mere stone's throw in the cosmic scheme of things. One of the new found worlds appears to orbit in Tau Ceti's habitable zone, a range of distances from a star where liquid water can exist on a planet's surface.

Space.com: Potentially Habitable Planet Detected Around Nearby Star


"Still Here": by Langston Hughes (and so are you)
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The Skinny...


I am NOT giving up! This destructive myth has gone too long.

 

The above embed is from the SETI institute: From the people listening for "little green men." If an invasion were forthcoming; if a rogue planet were bearing down on us (it would be visible by now), they'd be killing themselves to get to a microphone: it'd be the last Nobel Prize awarded for the most trans-formative news ever! If THESE guys are saying it's bunk; it's bunk!


Wikipedia says this is an incomplete list. Good Lord, it's 22 pages long! The sad part is, it's that long because after tomorrow, there are even MORE predictions. PT Barnum never said "there's a sucker born every minute" (his competitor did), but you get the idea.

Dude; madam: chill. Please do just: chill. Get a massage. Switch to herbal and decaf. WOO-SAH!

I do lean towards this one at the very bottom of the Wikipedia list: in 10100 years, we either won't be around, or evolved to enter another dimension. Either way, blogging will be moot, and you and I won't be here to witness whatever at that future time is the current form of electronic entertainment and information exchange 100 zero years hence.

That's as much soothsaying as I want to do!

Apocalypse has come to mean "disaster," yet the literal translation is "un-covering"; a "disclosure of knowledge"; "revealing." It is from that the last book of the Bible, "Revelation" takes its name.

 

It will be revealing what we'll all feel like tomorrow: I will be blogging, the earth will be spinning, and certain persons in bunkers will have a lot of beans, rice and MREs to contend with...and certain hucksters that have made a HUGE amount of money on this fraud will fall silent as they book their flights to Bahamian shores...until tomorrow, I'll be:


Smiley

 

USA Today: Maya 'end of world' is a mistranslation, Dan Vergano

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Bionic Woman...

Unrivaled control of a robotic arm has been achieved using a paralyzed woman's thoughts, a US study says.

Jan Scheuermann, who is 53 and paralyzed from the neck down, was able to deftly grasp and move a variety of objects just like a normal arm.

Brain implants were used to control the robotic arm, in the study reported in the Lancet medical journal.
 

Experts in the field said it was an "unprecedented performance" and a "remarkable achievement".

Jan was diagnosed with spinocerebellar degeneration 13 years ago and progressively lost control of her body. She is now unable to move her arms or legs.

BBC News: Paralyzed woman's thoughts control robotic arm

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p-i-n Fashion...

A cross-sectional image is shown of a silicon-based optical fiber with solar-cell capabilities. Shown are the layers -- n+, i, and p+ -- that have been deposited inside the pore of the fiber. (Image: Badding lab, Pennsylvania State University)

University Park, PA and Southampton, England--Researchers at Pennsylvania State University and the University of Southampton have created a silicon-based optical fiber with solar-cell capabilities that is scalable to many meters in length and has a bend radius of about 400 microns. Possible in the future: weaving together solar-cell silicon wires to create flexible, curved, or twisted solar fabrics. The findings are posted in an early online edition of Advanced Materials and will be published on a future date in the journal's print edition.

 


The team's new findings build on earlier work addressing the challenge of merging optical fibers with silicon chips. Rather than merge a flat chip with a round optical fiber, the team found a way to build a new kind of optical fiber with its own integrated electronic component, bypassing the need to integrate fiber-optics with chip-based electronics. To do this, they used high-pressure chemical vapor deposition to deposit semiconducting materials directly into holes in optical fibers.


Laser Focus World:
Silicon p-i-n junction optical fibers could lead to photovoltaic fabrics

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Celestial Incubator...


Artist's impression of a protostar, with its jets of outflowing matter, protoplanetary disk, and envelope of gas and dust.

In their early stages of formation, the objects that will eventually become stars are small. They grow by gathering material from the surrounding cloud of gas. At least, that's what current theories tell us what happens. Due to the difficulty of resolving star systems during their formative years, most observations have been from later periods of their evolution, after the protostar has reached a substantial fraction of its final size and mass.


A new observation has revealed the youngest protostar yet observed. John J. Tobin and colleagues measured the properties of the newborn star and its environment, determining that it had only accreted about 20 percent of the matter surrounding it, and hasn't even begun nuclear fusion. Based on this, the protostar was likely no more than 300,000 years old at the time of observation, with the distinct possibility that it was even younger.

Ars Technica: Astronomers discover youngest protostar yet observed, Matthew Francis

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The Danger of a Single Story...

I pulled the scheduled post on p-i-n diode technology. It will appear on Monday.

 

Nigerian Novelist Chimamanda Adichie spoke at TED on a subject from which I title this posting (and give her credit), related to the tragedy in Newtown, Connecticut yesterday. It is east of Danbury, for me merely 30 - 45 minutes drive from me in New York.

 

Ms. Adichie was speaking on the power of ignorance with respect to stereotypes. Linda Christensen, following this theme as well, encouraged her African American and Latino students to express their experiences in personal essays.

 

We are getting bits and pieces of a story and calls for reactions; bills. All that may come to pass eventually, but some things to consider, as a single story isn't the full picture:

 

  • Doomsday: a lot of angst and hype about next Friday being suddenly 10^100 years into the future with imminent, hypo thermal death to the universe. At least that's the conventional science regarding the universe's end -- and NOT the hype. The good news is by THAT distant time, we'll all be gone (and I no longer blogging) when this occurs: just not next Friday.
  • Active shooter training: we're going to have to think about this. Places like Israel search you before you enter...the mall. That's not comfortable for US residents to think about, just as taking off our shoes and pat searches in airports still are not comfortable post-9/11, but we may have to think about and earnestly consider things we'd rather not.
  • Mental health: it amazes me that we'd never think of walking about with an obviously broken arm, pierced skin, blood streaming out of an open wound, yet we HIDE mental health issues. We stigmatize those that want to seek help as if admittance of a problem would be "career limiting." We spend more time on Facebook and "words with friends" when we need to speak to one another; see a play versus a movie; go to dinner at a restaurant and talk to one another.
  • Gun control: we're going to have to debate this (unlike both candidates' dodge in the last election cycle). Debate: A formal discussion on a particular topic in a public meeting or legislative assembly, in which opposing arguments are put forward. Instead of dismissing occurrences as "isolated"; this is becoming too frequent to ignore.
And one in particular, who can no longer...

 

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Extended Entanglements...

To verify entanglement among the three photons, the physicists measured the times that the photons arrived at a detector. This 2D histogram shows that groups of three photons are all localized to a small region, indicating strong correlations in the arrival times of the three photons. Image credit: L. K. Shalm, et al. ©2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited

The physicists, from the University of Waterloo and the University of Calgary, have published their paper on three-photon energy-time entanglement in a recent issue of Nature Physics. As the physicists explain, this new form of entanglement is the three-photon version of the famous EPR correlations for continuous variables (e.g., position and momentum) between two particles. The EPR thought experiment, published in 1935, raised questions about the fundamental concepts underlying the young theory of quantum mechanics. "The Heisenberg uncertainty principle forbids one from simultaneously discovering both the position and momentum of a particle with arbitrary accuracy," lead author Krister Shalm of the University of Waterloo told Phys.org. "EPR pointed out that, if you create a pair of entangled particles, it is possible to measure both the position and momentum of both of them with arbitrary precision. It is still impossible to learn both the position and momentum of each of the individual particles, but, instead, we can learn information about the total position and momentum they share. Entangled particles, in some sense, are the ultimate team players. They lose their own individual identity with all the information in the system contained in the correlations."

 

Phys.org: Physicists extend entanglement in Einstein experiment, Lisa Zyga

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AGU...


12.12.12: The last time this date, or repetition of dates will occur again until January 1, 2101 (the 01.01.01 of the 22nd Century). The Astronomical Society of the Pacific proclaims today Anti-Doomsday Day. There's a concert for Hurricane Sandy relief.


AGU is the American Geophysical Union. Yesterday, I posted Scientific American's assertion that we've become essentially two camps: scientists and non-scientists, or (I think) more accurately: those who trust The Scientific Method and its conclusions, and those -- for various reason -- who do not.

Dan Satterfield is the author of the blog (link below). He is a meteorologist/weatherman with 32 years of experience.

He advises: read the blog post, then watch the embed Carl Sagan lecture from AGU's annual meeting.

 

"We've arranged a global civilization in which the most crucial elements — transportation, communications, and all other industries; agriculture, medicine, education, entertainment, protecting the environment; and even the key democratic institution of voting — profoundly depend on science and technology. We have also arranged things so that almost no one understands science and technology. This is a prescription for disaster. We might get away with it for a while, but sooner or later this combustible mixture of ignorance and power is going to blow up in our faces." Carl Sagan

 

American Geophysical Union: IPCC Climate Forecast from 1990 - Amazingly Accurate
Astronomical Society of the Pacific: Anti-Doomsday Day


Related links:

Octavia Butler, "Parable of the Sower," enotes and Novel Guide
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