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R2D2 Redo...

Posted by Reginald L. Goodwin on January 25, 2018 at 9:08am
The image on the left shows the apparatus and the 3D image of a man. The trapping and illumination light emerges from the lens at the left of the man. The image on the right is a close-up of the 3D image of the man. (Courtesy: D E Smalley et al/Nature)

Topics: Holograms, Optical Physics, Science Fiction, Star Wars

A technique to create multi-coloured 3D images that can share space with physical objects has been developed by researchers in the US. The work is at an early stage, but it offers several potential advantages over currently available techniques for creating 3D images such as holography.

The technology used by the android R2D2 to project the 3D video footage of Princess Leia pleading "Help me, Obi-Wan Kenobi: you're my only hope" into thin air was never explained in the film Star Wars. Scientists, however, have invented several technologies capable of producing the impression of 3D images. The best known, and most widely used is holography, in which a 2D surface sends light to the eye in such a way that the brain reconstructs this light as having come from a 3D object. Unfortunately, this optical illusion only works for a fairly narrow range of viewing angles: "Holograms and displays like them are based on 2D modulating surfaces that have to be looked at like a TV screen," explains Daniel Smalley of Brigham Young University in Utah, "You always have to be looking into the screen to see it."

In a volumetric display, however, the light originates from where your eye sees the image. Such displays have several advantages over holograms. As the image does not rely on an optical illusion, for example, it is unaffected by the viewing angle. "You can be lying flat on the ground and you can see what's coming up out of the display," says Smalley. Furthermore, it is (at least in principle) possible to wrap the image around the viewer or another physical object.

Display creates 3D images that can be viewed from many angles, Tim Wogan, Physics World

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The First Black Holes...

Posted by Reginald L. Goodwin on January 24, 2018 at 5:00am
Credit: Mark Ross

Topics: Astrophysics, Black Holes, Cosmology, General Relativity

How could the oldest black holes have grown so big so early in the universe?

Imagine the universe in its infancy. Most scientists think space and time originated with the big bang. From that hot and dense start the cosmos expanded and cooled, but it took a while for stars and galaxies to start dotting the sky. It was not until about 380,000 years after the big bang that atoms could hold together and fill the universe with mostly hydrogen gas. When the cosmos was a few hundred million years old, this gas coalesced into the earliest stars, which formed in clusters that clumped together into galaxies, the oldest of which appears 400 million years after the universe was born. To their surprise, scientists have found that another class of astronomical objects begins to appear at this point, too: quasars.

Quasars are extremely bright objects powered by gas falling onto supermassive black holes. They are some of the most luminous things in the universe, visible out to the farthest reaches of space. The most distant quasars are also the most ancient, and the oldest among them pose a mystery.

To be visible at such incredible distances, these quasars must be fueled by black holes containing about a billion times the mass of the sun. Yet conventional theories of black hole formation and growth suggest that a black hole big enough to power these quasars could not have formed in less than a billion years. In 2001, however, with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, astronomers began finding quasars that dated back earlier. The oldest and most distant quasar known, which was reported last December, existed just 690 million years after the big bang. In other words, it does not seem that there had been enough time in the history of the universe for quasars like this one to form.

Many astronomers think that the first black holes—seed black holes—are the remnants of the first stars, corpses left behind after the stars exploded into supernovae. Yet these stellar remnants should contain no more than a few hundred solar masses. It is difficult to imagine a scenario in which the black holes powering the first quasars grew from seeds this small.

To solve this quandary, a decade ago some colleagues and I proposed a way that seed black holes massive enough to explain the first quasars could have formed without the birth and death of stars. Instead these black hole seeds would have formed directly from gas. We call them direct-collapse black holes (DCBHs). In the right environments, direct-collapse black holes could have been born at 104 or 105 solar masses within a few hundred million years after the big bang. With this head start, they could have easily grown to 109 or 1010 solar masses, thereby producing the ancient quasars that have puzzled astronomers for nearly two decades.

The question is whether this scenario actually happened. Luckily, when the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) launches in 2019, we should be able to find out.

The Puzzle of the First Black Holes, Priyamvada Natarajan, Scientific American

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Life Imitating Art...

Posted by Reginald L. Goodwin on January 23, 2018 at 8:56am
Mars fission power system concept in the Kilopower project is shown in this undated NASA handout photo released on January 9, 2018. Courtesy NASA/Handout via REUTERS

Topics: Mars, NASA, Nuclear Power, Planetary Science, Space Exploration

...or vice-versa. This was alluded to in the novel and movie The Martian.

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Initial tests in Nevada on a compact nuclear power system designed to sustain a long-duration NASA human mission on the inhospitable surface of Mars have been successful and a full-power run is scheduled for March, officials said on Thursday.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration and U.S. Department of Energy officials, at a Las Vegas news conference, detailed the development of the nuclear fission system under NASA’s Kilopower project.

Months-long testing began in November at the energy department’s Nevada National Security Site, with an eye toward providing energy for future astronaut and robotic missions in space and on the surface of Mars, the moon or other solar system destinations.

A key hurdle for any long-term colony on the surface of a planet or moon, as opposed to NASA’s six short lunar surface visits from 1969 to 1972, is possessing a power source strong enough to sustain a base but small and light enough to allow for transport through space.

“Mars is a very difficult environment for power systems, with less sunlight than Earth or the moon, very cold nighttime temperatures, very interesting dust storms that can last weeks and months that engulf the entire planet,” said Steve Jurczyk, associate administrator of NASA‘s Space Technology Mission Directorate.

U.S. tests nuclear power system to sustain astronauts on Mars, Will Dunham, Reuters Science

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Falling...

Posted by Reginald L. Goodwin on January 19, 2018 at 6:30am
Creativity-Onliine.com: Super Bowl Ad

Topics: Commentary, Existentialism, Politics

“We must live together as brothers or perish together as fools.” Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Tomorrow...is the anniversary of what would be known first as "the carnage" after his inauguration speech, then accented with "alternative news" as truth itself was made malleable, "fake news" as he attacked the fourth estate; feverish, septuagenarian bowel movement tweets (at least he's regular) and "covfefe."

“Welcome to the dawn of a new, unified Republican government,” said a beaming Paul Ryan, just over a week after Donald Trump’s improbable 2016 win delivered control of the White House, the Senate, and the House of Representatives to the GOP for the first time in over a decade. Eyebrows arched in an expression composed of equal parts glee and incredulity, the House speaker allowed himself a brief moment of public self-reflection. “It feels really good to say that, actually.” [1]

One year later...we're deep in the throws of an investigation on Russian interference in our elections, two indictments (more coming) and two confessions from a former national security advisor with ties to Russia and Turkey and a drunk, blabbing campaign aid. The stock market looks GREAT, likely artificially propped up by supporters of the president* that want it (and him) to at least look good before the next bottom falls out. 1929...1987...2008...we've been here before. We're hours as of this posting from a government shutdown...a shutdown after a year of "unified republican government." We're now here because of a mythical "wall" that Mexico isn't going to pay for.

One year later, that unified Republican government is on the verge of imploding. Ryan and Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell have been unable to pass a regular appropriations bill for 2018, relying instead on a series of continuing resolutions since September to keep the government’s doors open for a few weeks at a time. Now, however, both parties' appetite for these stopgaps has disappeared. Barring a last-minute breakthrough, on Friday at midnight, a government controlled by the same political party will shut itself down for the first time in modern American history. [1]

McClatchy News now reports the FBI is looking into links between the NRA and the Kremlin. [2] From the changing of the Republican platform, the daily violation of the Emoluments Clause; money laundering to his dubious dealings with mobsters and oligarchs, the NRA funneling Russian oligarch rubbles to the Kremlin's preferred candidate and the United States of America is looking a lot more like a criminal enterprise in a Dystopia rather than a federal republic.

The NRA and the KKK have a shared history:

Within months of the surrender at Appomattox, recalcitrant white racists committed to the reestablishment of white supremacy determined to take those guns away from blacks. States in the South passed the Black Codes, which barred the freedmen from possessing guns. Racists quickly learned, however, why gun control is not always as effective as planned: You can draw up any law you like, but people don’t necessarily comply. To enforce these laws, racists began to form posses that would go out at night in large groups, generally wearing disguises, and terrorize black homes, seizing every gun they could find. These groups took different names depending on locale: the Black Cavalry in Alabama, the Knights of the White Camellia in Louisiana, the Knights of the Rising Sun in Texas. In time, they all came to be known by the moniker of one such posse begun in Pulaski, Tennessee after the war: the Ku Klux Klan. [3]

Racism and white supremacy has been our national shame. What we have buried and ignored, others beyond our shores have exploited to their advantage. It is quite American, like Facebook and social media, Putin the puppet master used our divisions to storm the breech of our republic. Apparently, Forbes magazine is a tool of sadism and masochism. The "golfer-in-chief" is going to Mar-a-Largo at a current count of 91 trips as a new Rome burns. The shutdown is looming, "United States" officially is an oxymoron and "they (the Russians) are laughing...at us."

A-M-E-R-I-C-A (move the I to the front)
I-A-M-E-R-C-A (move the E to the end)
I-A-M-R-C-A-E (switch the C and A positions)
I-A-M-R-A-C-E [4]

"If you can convince the lowest white man he's better than the best colored man he won't notice you picking his pocket. Hell, give him someone to look down on, and he'll empty his pockets for you." President Lyndon B. Johnson with Bill Moyers on a tour of the south. [5]

[1] Paul Ryan's Unified Republican Government Is Coming Apart at the Seams, Jay Willis, GQ

[2] FBI investigating whether Russian money went to NRA to help Trump,  Peter Stone, Greg Gordon, McClatchy News

[3] Gun Control Is “Racist”? The NRA Would Know, Adam Winkler, New Republic

[4] The Isis Papers: The Keys to the Colors, Dr. Francis Cress Welsing

[5] "Lowest white man" related links:

Did LBJ Advocate: 'Convince the Lowest White Man He's Better Than the Best Colored Man'? Snopes

The Lowest White Man, Charles M. Blow, New York Times

How LBJ Foresaw the Election of Donald Trump, Derek Beres, Big Think

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It's been awhile!

Posted by G.H. Wright on January 18, 2018 at 10:53pm
He sat at his desk, woozy. He tried to move, his arms unresponsive. He searched for help, moving into the aisle in his swivel chair only to find all his coworkers had abandoned him. Was he being drugged? If so, it was the simplest scene he could imagine.Whoever was trying this was extremely stupid or extremely powerful. He'd find out soon enough.(to be confinued)
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BEC in the Blink of an Eye...

Posted by Reginald L. Goodwin on January 17, 2018 at 5:26am
Credit: NIST

Topics: Bose-Einstein Condensate, Modern Physics, Quantum Mechanics

It’s been more than two decades since Carl Wieman and Eric Cornell created the first Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC), confirming the counterintuitive prediction that a macroscopic population of atoms can pile into a single quantum ground state if cooled below some critical temperature. In all those years, the recipe for creating the condensates has hardly changed: Laser Doppler cooling chills the cloud of atoms as close to the critical temperature as possible; when that technique can go no further, evaporative cooling does the rest. But the evaporative cooling step is inefficient. It works by jettisoning most of a cloud’s atoms in order to cool the remaining few—a relatively slow process that can take a minute or more. Now MIT researchers led by Vladan Vuletić have come up with an alternative approach that allows them to create BECs in a fraction of the time.

Bose–Einstein condensation in the blink of an eye, Ashley G. Smart, Physics Today

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Starship GPS...

Posted by Reginald L. Goodwin on January 16, 2018 at 2:32pm
Pulsars spin rapidly while emitting powerful beams of radiation.Credit: Dana Berry/NASA

Topics: Astrophysics, Instrumentation, International Space Station, NASA, Space Exploration

NATIONAL HARBOR, Maryland

From its perch aboard the International Space Station, a NASA experiment has shown how future missions might navigate their way through deep space. Spacecraft could triangulate their location, in a sort of celestial Global Positioning System (GPS), using clockwork-like signals from distant dead stars.

Last November, the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) spent a day and a half looking at a handful of pulsars — rapidly spinning stellar remnants that give off beams of powerful radiation as they rotate. By measuring tiny changes in the arrival time of the pulses, NICER could pinpoint its location to within 5 kilometres.

It is the first demonstration in space of the long-sought technology known as pulsar navigation. One day, the method could help spacecraft steer themselves without regular instructions from Earth.

NASA test proves pulsars can function as a celestial GPS, Alexandra Witze, Nature

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Call for abstracts for "Images of Blackness in Graphic Novels"

Posted by JC Holbrook on January 16, 2018 at 2:55pm

CFP: Images of Blackness in Graphic Novels, Past and Future (Extension to 3/31/18)

by Brian Yates

This edited volume will offer an opportunity for authors to investigate the ways in which blackness is reimagined in both mainstream and independent comics. Specifically, I propose responding to the following questions: What are the ways in which heroism is redefined by black characters? How are black futures reimagined? What gendered arguments are made through this medium? What are the challenges in presenting to black audiences in this largely white genre? How do the creators depict the continent of Africa and/or communities in the African Diaspora? How are black bodies presented in graphic comics and novels? Finally, how are themes of social justice specific to black communities presented in this type of medium?      

This volume would address the above questions in addition to the themes indicated below.

  1. Black Futurism
  2. Black Femininity
  3. Black Masculinity
  4. Imagery of Blackness
  5. Conceptions of Africa and/or Diaspora
  6. Black Bodies in Comics
  7. The Use of Comics for Social Change
  8. Narratives of publishing Black-themed Graphic Novels and Comics

All submissions should include a 200-word abstract. Finalized contributions should be sent as Microsoft Word and/ or JPEG attachment by March 31st, 2018. Articles will be in English. Please send an email to byates@sju.edu for instructions to submit via Dropbox. In terms of submission requirements, utilize FIRE!!!’s style guide located at http://fire-jbs.org/ under the author’s tab.

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The Beloved Community...

Posted by Reginald L. Goodwin on January 15, 2018 at 4:30pm
Image Source: AJC link below [1]

Topics: Civics, Civil Rights, Human Rights, Martin Luther King, Star Trek

Notwithstanding our national projected life expectancy, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. would have been 89 years old today; Mrs. Coretta Scott King was two years his senior. This is also the 50th anniversary year of his assassination, as it had been pointed out ten years earlier on the election of the first and only African American president in the history of the republic. It is poignant we're post/after the obvious racist comments of a continent and diverse cultures of humanity by our current president* with absolutely no doubt that he, his followers and his political party are indeed racists.

Star Trek was born in this similar cauldron, and Dr. King was a great fan, especially for his young kids at the time. Civil Rights, Voting Rights, the Vietnam War; the ever-present "nuclear button." civil defense drills (not like the botched alert in Hawaii) and the Cold War exacerbated one's sense of whether or not "we were going to make it" as a species. It was especially powerful to African Americans like Dr. Mae Jemison, Dr. Ron McNair, my friends; me that could see a future that we could count on being more humane, civilized, just; SANE and survivable.

And yet, we're all here: the year is 2018, in a covfefe-Twitter-Twilight-Zone where a president* post Charlottesville praises tiki-torch Neo Nazis as "fine people" and little comment on activist Heather Heyer, who lost her life; comments on his "performance" as if still in reality television mode, and racially slurs an entire continent and diverse cultures. April Ryan point-blank called him out. After his empty comments about Dr. King in a staged photo op with black sycophants (among whom were sadly, the ever-sleepy Ben Carson and Isaac Newton Farris, Jr., Martin Luther King's nephew and his inept soft peddle of 45's racism); cowardly walked away as he did from a contentious visit to the UK that promised to be embarrassing for him. He's insulted Gold Star families (especially those of color), women, minorities, the Pope and NONE, not one nickname, belligerent bowel movement-inspired tweet or witty zinger for his pimp benefactor Vladimir Putin and his Wikileaks minions. The UN has called the president* racist. It's "unfortunate" and "unhelpful" to Speaker Ryan; as of the Friday after the slur, silence from Senate Majority Leader McConnell. A party that's facing demographic oblivion could (possibly) sell its political soul to a Russian devil for survival. They are slowly dying. They're not convincing enough youth, women, minorities et al to be politically viable in 10 years, let alone the midterms. Our current president*, along with his limited vocabulary, enabling weak party, diminished mental faculties probably finds the concept of adjusting for demographics as alien as they'd consider Dr. King.

He was the Manchurian/Kremlin candidate; he is the Manchurian president*.

To survive him, this summoned-from-the-pit xenophobia and reclaim what is left of our republic will take time. It will take rediscovering Dr. King's "Beloved Community."

Maybe... he was thinking about Star Trek.

“The Beloved Community” is a term that was first coined in the early days of the 20th Century by the philosopher-theologian Josiah Royce, who founded the Fellowship of Reconciliation. However, it was Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., also a member of the Fellowship of Reconciliation, who popularized the term and invested it with a deeper meaning which has captured the imagination of people of goodwill all over the world.

For Dr. King, The Beloved Community was not a lofty Utopian goal to be confused with the rapturous image of the Peaceable Kingdom, in which lions and lambs coexist in idyllic harmony. Rather, The Beloved Community was for him a realistic, achievable goal that could be attained by a critical mass of people committed to and trained in the philosophy and methods of nonviolence.

Dr. King’s Beloved Community is a global vision, in which all people can share in the wealth of the earth. In the Beloved Community, poverty, hunger and homelessness will not be tolerated because international standards of human decency will not allow it. Racism and all forms of discrimination, bigotry and prejudice will be replaced by an all-inclusive spirit of sisterhood and brotherhood. In the Beloved Community, international disputes will be resolved by peaceful conflict-resolution and reconciliation of adversaries, instead of military power. Love and trust will triumph over fear and hatred. Peace with justice will prevail over war and military conflict. [2]

*The usage of the asterisk (*) next to president* I borrow from and attribute to Charles P. Pierce, a writer for Esquire magazine and frequent media commentator on MSNBC. He's also author of the prescient book: "Idiot America: How Stupidity Became a Virtue in the Land of the Free." And so, despite his and other authors' warnings to the contrary, our republic is at the stage-edge of this cliff...

[1] Photos: Martin Luther King statues around the country (and beyond), Pete Corson - The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, [accessed] 12 January 2018

[2] The King Center: The King Philosophy, [accessed] 12 January 2018

Related links:

123 Of The Most Powerful Martin Luther King Jr. Quotes Ever, Hannah Hutyra, Keep Inspiring dot me, [accessed] 12 January 2018

The Manchurian Candidate, Wikipedia [accessed] 12 January 2018

50 years later, 'The Other America' MLK described in Grosse Pointe still exists, Ken Coleman, Detroit Free Press, [accessed] 14 January 2018

#P4TC Related links:

Dr. King: Science Advocate... January 20, 2014

Requiem for Moab... April 14, 2017

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Best read of 2017

Posted by Jan S on January 15, 2018 at 1:07pm

The last 18 months in my life have been unpredictable, and not in good ways. Now that my health issues seem to have quieted down, it's past time I posted here.

As a freelance reviewer for Foreword Reviews magazine, I get to read free books of above-average quality from independent presses. The standout- read for last year was An Unkindness of Ghosts by Rivers Solomon. You can find my review here: https://www.forewordreviews.com/reviews/an-unkindness-of-ghosts/

Solomon is amazing. It seems as though this young writer distilled the essence of Octavia Butler's work and added personal perspective; what resulted is a wonder, and more than just a mixing. This novel deserves all the awards and then some; the sad and likely fact is that it probably will go mostly unnoticed.

Please check it out. If you love it, talk it up.

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Dunning-Kruger Epoch...

Posted by Reginald L. Goodwin on January 12, 2018 at 9:30am
Image Source: Psychology Today link below

Topics: Civics, Commentary, Existentialism

Named for Cornell psychologist David Dunning and his then-grad student Justin Kruger, this is the observation that people who are ignorant or unskilled in a given domain tend to believe they are much more competent than they are.

Dunning and Kruger documented this effect in a number of quantitative contexts. Its first publication, in 1999, bore the memorable title, "Unskilled and Unaware of It: How Difficulties in Recognizing One's Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments." The authors observed that you need skill and knowledge to judge how skilled and knowledgeable you are. A tone-deaf singer may be unable to distinguish her talent from that of the greatest stars. Why then shouldn't she believe she's their equal? Source: Psychology Today

I casually conducted an interesting thought experiment with my wife. I asked her the name of the gynecologist that delivered our youngest son. She recalled her. "How do you think she became an OB/GYN?" I asked. The obvious answer was going to college and making excellent grades, getting into grad school with impeccable MCAT scores, then after four years or so, graduating with an MD, residency and eventually her own practice. In other words, several YEARS of preparation, internship and study.

We don't think of politics in that light, and the advent of the Internet has taken our impatience with the governing process to Attention Deficit Disorder levels nationally. We "get the gist" of a subject in a few Internet searches, assuming that's all the expertise one would need. A librarian at my last high school in Manor, Texas tried mightily to instruct using Boolean logic search terms and strategies to narrow focus, rather than merely going with a single wild card term and taking the first links provided. It seemed for my class at least to fall on deaf ears. My generation (admittedly) and literally created the analog version of this need to get-to-the-answer: Cliff Notes, followed by Made Simple, Schaum's Outline, Research Education Associates Problem Solvers and the most recent incarnation "For Dummies" series'. These were and still are, supplement books we bought and READ as well as the hard, grinding work of rewriting notes, going to study groups and mastering the material. I'm not against Internet searches (I use them), but eventually you have the problem, in front of you or on paper you have to solve, either under the stress of a testing environment or a deadline. Sadly, the democratization of information has not produced wisdom.

The Constitution was crafted literally in the "horse and buggy" days, things were slow and the Founders - property/(reprehensible) slave owners - were steeped in learning and history, especially of Europe and the tendency to hide the corruption of royalty and the aristocracy, thereby empowering autocrats. "Checks and balances" were designed for a government not to get overarching, or not let any president become a demagogue or tyrant. A governing document created post the advent of electricity and Twitter would change overnight - several times several times - at the whim of "likes" or emojis. That is a republic foundation built on sifting, Silicon quicksand. We are currently at 2,000 lies, and apparently racially slurring nations of color is just as "presidential" as Andrew Jackson's Trail of Tears.

Quoting the link from Psychology Today:

A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. Those who have the slightest bit of experience think they know it all. That's the peak at upper left. Then, with increasing experience, people realize how little they do know, how modest their skills are. Perceptions reach a minimum (center of chart), then slant upward again. Those at the level of genius recognize their talent, though tend to lack the supreme confidence of the ignoramus.

The chart is almost a emoticon: a smile turned smirk.

I'm purposely avoiding the use of any names. As such, I do not think any celebrity - talk show host or reality star - should ascend to the role of president without academic preparation, judicious study and experience in jurisprudence as well as law.

Would anyone want an amateur performing an episiotomy on your wife, or "winging it" on Braxton Hicks contractions? No one can "Google" that!
Expertise...matters.

"The whole problem with the world is that the stupid are cocksure and the intelligent are full of doubt." Bertrand Russell
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Working on getting the Archangel X Trilogy published!

Posted by William Hayashi on January 11, 2018 at 10:47pm

The next trilogy in the Darkside Universe is nearly completed. My intention is to get all three volumes published simultaneously and I'm going to need help.

The Archangel X Trilogy continues the saga of the Darkside Trilogy, following the extraordinary community of African Americans who discovered the means to beat NASA to the moon and live there secretly before Neil Armstrong arrived. The three volumes are Quarantine, Enmity, and Enlightenment, with the third installment over half way completed. 

Please take a look at my GoFundMe campaign and see if it's something you can contribute to. There are Premiums for those who contribute to the campaign. Please give it serious consideration, and thank you in advance for checking it out. Thank you so much for your consideration!

GoFundMe Appeal to get the Archangel X Trilogy Published

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Two-Phased H2O...

Posted by Reginald L. Goodwin on January 8, 2018 at 11:45am
Illustration showing fluctuations between regions of two different local structures of water. High density is shown as red and low density as blue. (Courtesy: Stockholm University)

Topics: Fluid Mechanics, Materials Science, Thermodynamics

Water could exist in two different liquid phases with different densities. That is the conclusion of researchers in Sweden, Japan and Korea, who have used ultrafast X-ray scattering to measure the properties of supercooled water droplets.

Despite being the most ubiquitous and important liquid on Earth, water is a deeply puzzling substance with physical properties that deviate significantly from those of an idealized liquid. Several theories have been advanced to account for some of water’s idiosyncrasies, but experimental data have been lacking.

Solid ice is the most stable phase of water below 0° C, but the liquid phase remains metastable at sub-zero temperatures. Under normal circumstances, impurities such as dust particles provide nuclei around which ice crystals can form, so freezing occurs quickly. In the laboratory, however, it is relatively easy to supercool liquid water to well below 0° C by removing impurities. As the temperature goes down further, however, molecular motion slows and, below around -40° C, water molecules begin to form crystals around one another, allowing even pure water to crystallize very rapidly.

Supercooled water could exist in two liquid phases, Tim Wogan, Physics World

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Going Interstellar...

Posted by Reginald L. Goodwin on January 4, 2018 at 10:24am
Artist’s depiction of a space probe, propelled by a solar sail. (Image credit: Andrzej Mirecki)

Topics: Exoplanets, Interstellar Travel, NASA, Space, Space Exploration, Spaceflight, Spacetime

Solar sails have been discussed for a long time as the most viable option for interstellar travel at current technological attainment. That will entail the nanoengineering of polymers that can be durable to things like micro-meteor strikes at 0.1 c (one-tenth the speed of light) as well as shielding for electronics so as not to fry instrumentation on the exceedingly long journey. I hope we're mature enough societally, socially and emotional intelligence-wise to complete the project. It would be a shame if our instrument transmitted information back to Mother Earth, and for a myriad of bad reasons, no one was here to receive the message.

NASA is in the earliest stages of planning an exoplanet expedition, set to mark the 100th anniversary of its first crewed Moon landing, Apollo 11. A small team based at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) hopes to send a spacecraft to a distant planet in search of life.

In 2016, a funding bill was passed that called upon NASA to investigate methods of interstellar travel that could reach at least 10 percent of the speed of light by 2069 [the 100th year anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission]. It also requested a mission to Alpha Centauri, the closest star system to our own.

A probe is set to be sent to the chosen exoplanet to determine whether or not life is present. A few years after its launch, NASA will send a large telescope into deep space, which will use gravitational lensing to offer a full view of the exoplanet.

At present, there’s some debate as to whether Alpha Centauri or another system will be selected, as there are several candidates being considered. Of course, there are some big questions to be answered before this mission becomes a reality.

NASA Is Planning the First-Ever Interstellar Mission, Brad Jones, Futurism

#P4TC:

TRAPPIST-1...

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SEP...

Posted by Reginald L. Goodwin on January 3, 2018 at 10:00am
NASA is eyeing SEP to further enable its crewed space exploration efforts. Image Credit: NASA

Topics: Ion Propulsion, NASA, Space Exploration, Spaceflight

NASA is hard at work developing what they believe is the best space engine for future missions to Mars and beyond. It’s not warp drive. No, nothing so exotic or dreamy. In fact, it already exists. The challenge is to enhance it for our needs in space in the coming decades. That is the hope, and the goal, of NASA’s continuing development of solar electric propulsion (SEP).

Solar electric propulsion uses electricity generated from solar arrays to ionize atoms of the propellant xenon. These ions are then expelled by a strong electric field out the back of the spacecraft, producing thrust. So, in short, SEP is a propulsion system that is a combination, or coupling, of solar array technology and ion thruster technology.

The NASA Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio, has been a leader in both ends of this technology for decades. Its work with ion thruster technology began with the Space Electric Rocket Test 1 in 1964. Today, ion thrusters are used to keep over 100 geosynchronous Earth orbit satellites in their locations, a process called station keeping. The Deep Space 1 mission, which made flybys of asteroid Braille and the comet Borelly between 1998 and 2001, used the NASA Solar Technology Application Readiness (NSTAR) ion propulsion system.

Solar Electric Propulsion: NASA's Ticket to Mars and Beyond

Michael Cole, Spaceflight Insider

#P4TC Related links:

NEXT...

Dawn...

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The Evil Tree...

Posted by Reginald L. Goodwin on January 1, 2018 at 9:50am
Image source: Adoption History Project: Eugenics [+]

Topics: Civil Rights, Commentary, History, Human Rights, Politics, Science

A new year with the same old/new challenges to our republic. Perfection is an admirable, and Utopian ambition. It is typically striven for, but never fully achieved. Getting close to perfection is typically quite enough. In the wrong hands, the pursuit of perfection can become the tools of genocide. Some things to consider November 6, 2018 (congressional midterms) and November 9, 2020 (the next presidential elections).

"Good genes, very good genes." Paraphrase of an oft-repeated self-admonition/description by the 45th president*.

Merriam-Webster says eugenics is : "a science that deals with the improvement (as by control of human mating) of hereditary qualities of a race or breed." I'm not the editor, but I think Webster could have thought this definition through better. As practiced in America and quickly adopted by the Nazis in Europe, it fell from whatever grace it may have enjoyed and is largely considered a pseudoscience. Reasonable people in our nation's complicated history gave it credence, like Dr. William Shockley - of the Shockley Diode Equation if you're tech, and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics for co-invention of the transistor. He also has the notable distinction of having his own page at the Southern Poverty Law Center in their extremist files for his irrational eugenics views. His colleagues, Dr.'s John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain if they held these beliefs, didn't rise to Shockley's level of notice, or distinction.

"Good genes, very good genes"...

Snopes verified as true that "One aspect of President* Donald Trump’s proposed federal budget for the 2018 fiscal year has come under criticism for its potential effect on low-income seniors, particularly during winter months in colder parts of the U.S.

"The president’s* proposed budget eliminated funding for the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP), which assists people who need help paying their energy bills."

Not that an ethnicity is emphasized, but low income citizens tend to comprise mostly people of color. If a few Anglos lose funding, they're probably considered negligible statistical "noise." This is the same president* that's stacked his administration with white nationalists and downplayed the actions of them, even before Charlottesville. Adding insult to injury, the corporate tax cut is paid for with the lives of people that will suddenly be with less healthcare, and Speaker Paul Ryan is gunning for Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security cuts on his way out to "retire, and spend time with his family," as his is the archetype made popular by the media.

"Good genes, very good genes"...

President* Trump doesn't yet have his "big, beautiful" border wall, but the administration is ramping up recruitment of border agents going into the new year in a bid to enhance security with more manpower – if not bricks and barbed wire.

Up until now, the White House’s fix to immigration issues has included Trump reversing many of his predecessor’s policies, increasing round-ups of illegal immigrants and restricting the number of refugees allowed into the country.

There are probably not "good genes" at the Texas-Mexico border, in Puerto Rico; the Virgin Islands as there are none [by this philosophy] in California, or any largely blue state with a growing diverse population. There are no "good genes" from the particular countries the Muslim travel ban prohibits. There's no reason to allow the Affordable Care Act (originally, a conservative idea from the Heritage Foundation) to actually work if the majority of people applying for it didn't get the fortunate/blessed/kismet luck-of-the-draw of "good genes," wealth and power's particular favoritism to a lack of Melanin.

"Good genes, very good genes"...

Positive eugenics encouraged the biblical "fruitful multiplication" of the aforementioned "good genes" and discouraged the procreation of "bad genes" (negative eugenics). In America, and sadly in the sordid history of my home state, that was achieved via a dark calculus, and forced unconstitutional means:

This of course is conspiracy theory, quackery and the highest level of intellectual buffoonery that can only result in innocents being irreparably harmed for myth.

This tree is an evil we've seen before as a species, dropping anvils on the heads of the Earth's meek and calling it rain. It's attributed to Mark Twain that “History doesn't repeat itself, but it does rhyme.” A forced sterilization is not likely in our futures even as erstwhile congressmen known for throwing racial flamethrowers in gasoline pits coyly hint at it. What happened in North Carolina should be instructive to those of us that aren't cis-gender WASPs (white, Anglo Saxon Protestants).  Terminating all 16 members without notice of the president's advisory council on HIV/AIDS can only have the eventual effect of increasing HIV/AIDS from recoverable and manageable back to its previous epidemic levels. For all intents and purposes, a genomics Dachau aimed at the LGBT community. “If they would rather die,” said Scrooge, “they had better do it, and decrease the surplus population.” (Charles Dickens, "A Christmas Carol")

As we try to make sense of the callous legislation that has come and will come, Occam's razor applies. As we see it affect heating to low income elderly, access to the voting booth; the response to the dwindling of the Republican Party's demographics, the majority status of people of color in 2042 (an online calculator at a growth rate of 0.02 shows us at ~541 million by then); the retweet of British white nationalists and white genocide by this country's president*; in a nation founded on the genocide of Native Americans and the uncompensated kidnapping of African Americans, we can no longer be surprised at the audacity of this scion of Andrew Jackson, or subtle in our response. We can no longer be surprised what a party dwindling in numbers and power would do, is capable of doing, or will do, nor can we be subtle calling that which is evil... just that!

"Good genes, very good genes"...

"History doesn't repeat itself, but it does rhyme."

"What the hell do you have to lose?" ... I can think of a few things.

[+] Many people believe that eugenics disappeared in America after the specter of Nazism made eugenics synonymous with racism and genocide. While public discussion of taint and degeneration certainly decreased after World War II, blood and biology remained central themes in adoption history. Anxieties about miscegenation in transracial adoptions and international adoptions, as well as strenuous efforts to make racial predictions and offer genetic counseling in cases of mixed-race infants illustrate that eugenics did not disappear so much as change into a less aggressive, more polite form.

*The usage of the asterisk (*) next to president* I borrow from and attribute to Charles P. Pierce, a writer for Esquire magazine and frequent media commentator on MSNBC. He's also author of the prescient book: "Idiot America: How Stupidity Became a Virtue in the Land of the Free." And so, despite his and other authors' warnings to the contrary, our republic is at the stage-edge of this cliff...

Related links:

Eugenics

Eugenics in the United States

#P4TC:

Hidden History 13 February 2017...

The Shattering...

Oligarchy...

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Need music for the show

Posted by Stephen Alexander on December 28, 2017 at 9:20am

Greeting and Salutations, fellow Blerds!

I'm currently hosting the Talk About it Tuesdays program and I'd like to add some music to the program.

So far, I've been winging it with various tracks from the YT audio library.

If you're a musician, or just musically inclined (which I am not), then I want to make you an offer. 

Send me some voice-free/background tunes that I can add to my review, and I can credit your work and put your website in the video description.

You win some free advertising and I win music that helps the feel of the show. A win for everyone!

Send me a PM to discuss the matter if you need more details. I'm not living in the States, so my response times might be slow or at weird hours of the night.

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