Well, real life caused a little bump but we're back on schedule now. The newest "episode" of the GALATEA'S CROSS serial eNovel is available at AMAZON.
There's a little LOOK INSIDE action and you could jump on with #2 but i recommend starting at the beginning. They're only 99 cents and the novel will work as a season of a TV series if you stick with it.
If enough people buy it, I'll do another next year.
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Utopia Planitia (Latin: "Nowhere Plain") is the largest recognized impact basin on Mars and in the solar system with an estimated diameter of 3300 km,[1] and is the Martian region where the Viking 2 lander touched down and began exploring on September 3, 1976. It is located at the antipode of Argyre Planitia, centered at 49.7°N 118.0°E. It is in the Casius quadrangle and the Cebrenia quadrangle of Mars.
Many rocks at Utopia Planitia appear perched, as if wind removed much of the soil at their bases.[2][3] A hard surface crust is formed by solutions of minerals moving up through soil and evaporating at the surface.[4] Some areas of the surface exhibit what is called "Scalloped topography," a surface that seems to have been carved out by an ice cream scoop. This surface is thought to have formed by the degradation of an ice-rich permafrost. (Wikipedia) Also known in Star Trek lore, the place for building Federation starships.
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| Utopia Planitia shipyards |
Hence, the appropriate title for the following from Scientific American:
In 1993, Americans elected the first physicist to Congress: Vern Ehlers, a Republican from Michigan. Just six years later, former assistant director of Princeton’s Plasma Physics Laboratory, Rush Holt, a Democrat from New Jersey, joined him. And in 2008, Fermilab physicist and Illinois Democrat Bill Foster joined them, only to lose re-election in 2010 before regaining his seat this year. At that rate, Holt joked to an audience of mostly chemists at Princeton University on November 9, “By mid-century, the population of Congress would be physicists.”
But that’s a “slow way” to inject scientific thinking into the political process, Holt argued. “I wish we could get more Americans and, hence, their representatives thinking like scientists, which means basing our conclusions on evidence,” he said.
That laudable goal may prove even more challenging than turning a physicist into an electrifying political speaker. Because humans are not born statisticians, thinking scientifically is both technically and psychologically challenging . We prefer a story (anecdote!) to a compilation of statistics (data!). The modern world, as Holt observed of C.P. Snow’s famous analysis decades ago, has become divided into two disparate camps: scientists and non-scientists.
This may be most apparent currently on the subject of climate change...“The evidence for climate change is strong enough that we should be taking very bold and very expensive action because the costs of not taking action will be even more expensive,” Holt argued, suggesting that legislation to combat climate change “probably will be undertaken again, I would guess relatively soon in the next Congress.”
Scientific American:
Representative Rush Holt's Advice to His Fellow Scientists on Politics
David Biello
So, I'm kinda a n00b here, but I decided that this would be a good way to get the word out about my stories. I'm a published author with 3 e-books on the way. The first is "From Slate to Crimson," a steamy romance involving a vampire and the human he falls in love with. The second is "The Hidden Meanings," a bittersweet detective story, the first in a series of stories I call "The World of Five Nations," a mash-up of fantasy and sci-fi in a world where technology and magic intermingle, where dragons and elves exist alongside humans and androids. The third is Elven Roses, a romance set many years later, involving the controversial relationship between an mysterious elf and an obselete android.
This has been a banner year for me as a writer, and I hope to share my works with all of you, as well as interacting with others in this group. Look forward to more!
-Brandon
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| Optics and Photonics |
Usually, if you blast enough light into an insulator, it will blow up quickly or break down slowly. But today, a pair of papers published in Nature describe using very intense femtosecond laser pulses that not only do not damage the material, but also induce electrical currents in an otherwise insulating dielectric—specifically a fused silica prism (Nature, DOI: 10.1038/nature11567; Nature, Advanced DOI: 10.1038/nature11720).
The work is exciting because insulators that can quickly change into conductors (and back into insulators again) could be used for signal switching. Today's fastest semiconductor switching is measured in terahertz, but light-induced switching in insulators, such as demonstrated in these papers, could work at petahertz rates—more than 10,000 times the rate of current electronics. In the near-term, it could also make possible petahertz (1015 hertz) metrology.
Optics an Photonics: Ultrafast Light Turns Insulator into a Conductor, Yvonne Carts-Powell
In 12 days...it will be the Winter Solstice for the northern hemisphere.
It will be the shortest day on the calendar; five days before Christmas/Saturnalia/Yuletide, Kwanzaa: it will be three days post the end of Hanukkah. It will be as it's always been.
Then, as it always has (and always will for some time), the days will start getting incrementally longer. Spring will arrive, temperatures will warm and flowers will blossom. We'll have to deal with the weather: post Katrina, post Rita, post Irene, post Sandy.
There is an eventual end of things just as there is an eventual end of us as living creatures.
Times arrow is orchestrated by entropy: the tendency for things to go from order to disorder, from hard, strong and young to the latter opposite as we age. Due to entropy, you can smell perfume sprayed out of a bottle (otherwise, it would either drop ungracefully in a lump on the floor, or never leave its container).
I am concerned...and saddened that so many young are led by this media hype to dread the future; to contemplate Hamlet's soliloquy. You have so much to live for...discover...enjoy. I lived with doomsday clocks and duck-and-cover drills due to a Soviet threat that now no longer exists.
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| Merry-go-round |
I urge educators and parents to share the contents of the link below with your children. When the young are injured by myth as credible as Y2K was for spin, sport or ratings...it is no longer a game!
The surest cure to manipulated ignorance...is knowledge.
David Morrison
Director, Carl Sagan Center for the Study of Life in the Universe
NASA Senior Scientist
There is widespread and unnecessary fear of doomsday on December 21, 2012. Some people worry about a Maya prophesy of the end of the world, others fear a variety of astronomical threats such as collision with a rogue planet. Opinion polls suggest that one in ten Americans worry about whether they will survive past Dec 21 of this year, and middle-school teachers everywhere report that many of their students are fearful of a coming apocalypse.
SETI Institute: Doomsday 2012 Factsheet
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Valjeanne Jeffers sister24moon@gmail
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The sisters watched wide eyed as a woman fell to the ground and became a serpent… as another transformed into a growling panther…
They never forgot that wonderful night. Years later, Simone dismissed it as imaginary, “just moonlight and drums,” she’d scoffed. But Michelle knew better.
The couple spotted her, still leaning against the tree and smiled. She glared back. You don’t belong here!
They coming Cherie, you best make ready. It was her grandmere’s voice, speaking as if she was
standing right beside her. The girl froze whipping her head around. But there was no one
.The couple climbed the steps, unlocked the door and walked inside. Papa gave them keys? They can’t have bought it so soon!
I don’t want no strangers in my house, non.
Michelle bit her lip hard. Be quiet now! You’re not real!
A moment later, the woman, elegant and dark hairedpushed the screen open and stepped out on the porch, looking at her. She gazed at Michelle slyly and for a moment, she felt as if the woman were looking right through her with her gray eyes – as if sheknew her secrets, her pain. She smiled widely revealing fangs, and licked her lips. Michelle eyes widened, she was frozen to the spot, held captive by the woman’s strange eyes, as she moved slowly toward her.
Run Cherie!
Angelique’s voice broke the spell. Michelle backed away, turned and ran to her car. With shaking hands, she unlocked the door of her Honda and got inside. She glanced back at the porch, and there was no one there.
Shock, that’s what it is. So much has happened. And we were lucky —
Luckier than those trapped for weeks after Katrina in that damned super dome, and those shelters.
Michelle drove to the New Orleans business district parked and caught a streetcar into the French Quarter. On Bourbon street, the carnival streamed past: monsters, Zulu stilt dancers, Vikings… She kept an eye out for Cindy and Greg. They recently moved to Louisiana and they were all quiver about seeing their first Mardi Gras.
“Michelle…!” to her left, Greg and Cindy grinned and waved making their way through the crowd, as a man brushed past her.
She spun her head to the right, her greeting dying on lips. She stared as the old man, his skin the color of midnight, used his twisted cane to propel himself to corner.
Previously published in Genesis Science Fiction Magazine 2010
Cover art and design by Quinton Veal
Copyright 2010, 2012 Valjeanne Jeffers all rights reserved
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| Physics World - a 'solar energy funnel' |
Computer simulations by researchers in the US and China could lead to solar cells that work efficiently across a broad range of the solar spectrum. Dubbed a "solar energy funnel", the new concept offers a way of using strain to modify the band gap of a semiconductor so that it responds to light within a range of different wavelengths. However, the funnels have yet to be made and tested in the lab – some researchers suggest using them in practical devices could prove problematic.
The basic operating principle of a solar cell is that an electron in the valence band of a semiconductor material absorbs a photon and jumps across an energy "band gap" into the conduction band. The result is an electron and a positively charged hole, which do not move separately through the semiconductor but instead form a bound state called an exciton. To extract electrical energy, the electron is collected at one electrode and the hole at another.
Light from the Sun comes in a range of wavelengths and therefore an ideal solar cell should be very efficient at converting this broad spectrum into electricity. Unfortunately, semiconductors with a fixed band gap are not very good at doing this. In particular, longer-wavelength photons do not have enough energy to make an electron to jump the band gap and will not be converted into electrical energy. Photons with energies greater than the band gap will be converted, but regardless of their energy they will only create just one electron–hole pair. Any excess energy will be dissipated in the semiconductor as heat.
Physics World: Semiconductor funnel could boost solar cells
Sun Ra has always been a tough listen for me. Out from his disciples though I found vibes I could comprehend. I couldn't do John Gilmore (will have to) but Archie Shepp strikes and explodes my imagination. The album "On This Night" I play over and over again. What is crazy is when you listen so many times you submerge down into the texture of the playing. I done the same with John Coltrane. Now he said in his interviews that he had a number of musical devices that he is experimenting with. From that I tried to identify them. I listen to Coltrane play "My Favorite Things" at different periods of his life side by side. Not just his searching growth comes out, his musical devices. Now John Coltrane was on a quest and I'd say a spiritual one.
My other two favorite sax guys were different. Archie Shepp was/is an explorer, an adventurer. Eddie Harris the inventor. Archie Shepp in his most lyrical used the Sun Ra sound as the instrument. He zooms in and out of noise, texture, tune and percussion. Hisssss, growl, sing, hummm, croon.........
Now Eddie Harris was a different sort. His use of the electronic sound on sound (echo) and multi-channel effects on wind instruments was cutting edge. I wonder why musicians playing electronic wind instruments today don't pay him greater homage. He could ballad, blues and jive but to me his spacey techno grooves are the blade. He practiced with Coltrane, I heard, and he did some tunes that Trane would approve, Eddie had some skills. He also had this desire to do funk, I don't know why?
Wayne Shorter is another guy I listened to. He passed through the Art Blakey school. He has some wonderful vistas and Weather Report still haunts me. I saw them play in person.
I listen to others and because of my immersion into the aforementioned I appreciate a greater depth.
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| Physics World - How ULAS J1120+0641 may have appeared |
For the first time, astronomers have determined the chemical composition of gas from the first billion years of the universe's life. The gas consists mostly of neutral hydrogen atoms, which means that it may mark the era before stellar radiation began ionizing the universe. Furthermore, the gas shows no signs of the heavy elements that are forged in stars so it may contain only the light elements produced by the Big Bang.
"We are starting to look back to the epoch that is probably when the first stars were turning on," says Robert Simcoe, an astronomer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who built the instrument that acquired the spectrum of the far-off gas. "This is the very first [chemical] measurement that anybody has made in any environment at these early times."
The Big Bang, which occurred 13.7 billion years ago, showered the cosmos with hydrogen and helium. Aside from a trace of primordial lithium, heavier elements – which astronomers call metals – arose later, after stars formed and exploded, casting oxygen, iron and other metals into space. Furthermore, the first stars radiated extreme ultraviolet light that ionized gas, tearing electrons from the hydrogen nuclei. The universe is still ionized today.
**********
"And we who embody the local eyes and ears and thoughts and feelings of the cosmos we've begun, at last, to wonder about our origins. Star stuff, contemplating the stars organized collections of 10 billion-billion-billion atoms contemplating the evolution of matter tracing that long path by which it arrived at consciousness here on the planet Earth and perhaps, throughout the cosmos."
Physics World: Ancient gas sheds light on universe's first billion years
from NASA
http://www.flickr.com/photos/gsfc/8246896057/
Black Marble - City Lights 2012 [hd animation]
The night side of Earth twinkles with light, and the first thing to stand out is the cities. “Nothing tells us more about the spread of humans across the Earth than city lights,” asserts Chris Elvidge, a NOAA scientist who has studied them for 20 years.
This new global view and animation of Earth’s city lights is a composite assembled from data acquired by the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi NPP) satellite. The data was acquired over nine days in April 2012 and thirteen days in October 2012. It took satellite 312 orbits and 2.5 terabytes of data to get a clear shot of every parcel of Earth’s land surface and islands. This new data was then mapped over existing Blue Marble imagery of Earth to provide a realistic view of the planet.
The nighttime view in visible light was made possible by the new “day-night band” of Suomi NPP’s Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite. VIIRS detects light in a range of wavelengths from green to near-infrared and uses filtering techniques to observe dim signals such as city lights, auroras, wildfires, and reflected moonlight. This low-light sensor can distinguish night lights with ten to hundreds of times better light detection capability than scientists had before.
Named for satellite meteorology pioneer Verner Suomi, NPP flies over any given point on Earth&rsquos surface twice each day at roughly 1:30 a.m. and 1:30 p.m. The polar-orbiting satellite flies 824 kilometers (512 miles) above the surface as it circles the planet 14 times a day. Data is sent once per orbit to a ground station in Svalbard, Norway, and continuously to local direct broadcast users around the world. The mission is managed by NASA with operational support from NOAA and its Joint Polar Satellite System, which manages the satellite's ground system.
NASA Earth Observatory image and animation by Robert Simmon, using Suomi NPP VIIRS data provided courtesy of Chris Elvidge (NOAA National Geophysical Data Center). Suomi NPP is the result of a partnership between NASA, NOAA, and the Department of Defense. Caption by Mike Carlowicz.
Instrument: Suomi NPP - VIIRS
Credit: NASA Earth Observatory
Click here to view all of the Earth at Night 2012 images
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| Physics arXiv |
Part of science is the point/counter-point of differing views. It is part of the process of the Scientific Method. Famous recollection: the argument between Einstein and Bohr on Heisenberg and Quantum Mechanics. Now an accepted part of physics, Einstein ultimately lost.
To the Google-it-downloading public, this can be confusing and frustrating. However, this is science: examination leads to different theories; theories are vigorously debated, verified or refuted. Then, everyone in the science community decides to go in the direction of the new paradigm. Probably why a lot of scientist (at least in the US) don't go into politics.
One of the driving forces in modern science is the idea that the Universe “computes” the future, taking some initial state as an input and generating future states as an output. This is a powerful approach that has produced much insight. Some scientists go as far as to say that the Universe is a giant computer.
Is this a reasonable assumption? Today, Ken Wharton at San Jose State University in California, makes an important argument that it is not. His fear is that the idea of the universe as a computer is worryingly anthropocentric. “It’s basically the assumption that the way we humans solve physics problems must be the way the universe actually operates,” he says.
What’s more, the idea has spread through science without any proper consideration of its validity or any examination of the alternatives. “This assumption…is so strong that many physicists can’t even articulate what other type of universe might be conceptually possible,” says Wharton.
Physics arXiv: Why The Universe Is Not a Computer
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| Curiousity - AAAS Science Mag |
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA—The first full analysis of martian soil by the Curiosity rover has detected simple carbon compounds that could be the first traces of past martian life ever found, NASA scientists announced here today at a press conference at the annual fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union. The catch is that Curiosity team members can't tell yet whether the organic matter was once alive, was never alive and drifted onto Mars from space, or was simply cooked up in Curiosity's analytical instrument from lifeless bits of soil. Figuring out the ultimate source of the carbon in this organic matter—biological or not—will take time. "Curiosity's middle name is Patience," cautioned Curiosity project scientist John Grotzinger of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.
AAAS Science Mag: The First Signs of Ancient Life on Mars?
I’m too excited about my interview with author Kenya Wright. She’s agreed to give away a free e-copy of her book. I’ll also give away one e-copy of her book. So I’ll announce two winners on Friday after 5pm from the commenters on my blog about her interview. So, get your questions and comments ready. Here’s her interview.
I tried this intuit contest where I sent in my own admission. I want to create an online review that covers the work of black writers. There used to be a magazine that did that but it went out of business. I figured out that it wouldn't take more than $6000 dollars to recreate the number and even the quality of reviews that this now defunct magazine -- I think it was Black Issues -- used to do.
I was going to go the Kickstarter route which I may do eventually but this Inuit idea came up so I submitted my idea. What I didn't tell them is that I'm primarily interested in promoting the work of genre writers such as Steven Barnes or Chip Delaney. I could also use the site to review up and coming writers like the people who post here.
So if anyone here wants to help here's the link. If I understand this contest the more votes I get the more likely I'll be selected. So your votes would be appreciated.
You can vote for the idea here:
https://www.facebook.com/intuit/app_280813488703650?app_data=us_showcase_3153
Philip Shropshire
www.threeriversonline.com
PS: I'm a professional reviewer, former newspaper person and prolific freelancer. I'm probably up for the job.
Here's a review that I did that was turned into a podcast, not African American related but it shows my chops:
http://jazropo.blogspot.com/2006/11/my-review-of-thomas-friedmans-world-is.html
And here's a review of "Charisma" (and other books) that I wrote a long time ago for BET, when they gave a frak about books and such.
It is on my page as an exclusive and available to read.
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| Nature |
A global team of researchers has come up with the 'most accurate estimate' yet for melting of the polar ice sheets, ending decades of uncertainty about whether the sheets will melt further or actually gain mass in the face of climate change.
The ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica are melting at an ever-quickening pace. Since 1992, they have contributed 11 millimetres — or one-fifth — of the total global sea-level rise, say researchers. The two polar regions are now losing mass three times faster than they were 20 years ago, with Greenland alone now shedding ice at about five times the rate observed in the early 1990s.
This is not my webinar regarding getting business credit but even if it doesn't provide everything it promises...taking a look might not be a bad idea.
I recently met a colleague with a LOT of experience helping small business owners get legitimate “unsecured” 0% interest rate business credit (useable as cash; and doesn’t require your tax returns) -- and I thought you should know about this awesome resource!
If getting funds to grow your business...
* to buy advertising * hire the right kind of help * getting the right kind of software * paying for the best quality consulting
...would be helpful for you, then I highly recommend this free webinar about how to get that kind of 0% business credit.
Same webinar -- choose the time that works better for you:
Thursday Dec 6 @ 12pm Pacific / 3pm Eastern
Thursday Dec 6 @ 4pm Pacific / 7pm Eastern
(Click one of the above)
Interestingly, using these methods can actually boost your personal credit rating, and yet, none of this business credit shows up on your credit report. These are legitimate strategies that are unknown to most business owners.
Simply: if it would help you to have a loan or credit to grow your business, this event is a “must” attend. It’ll save a lot of time and you'll get the latest best practices to get business credit.
If you attend and use these strategies, I’d love to hear how you’ll be spending the new funds!
Cheers, George
If getting funds to grow your business...
* to buy advertising * hire the right kind of help * getting the right kind of software * paying for the best quality consulting
...would be helpful for you, then I highly recommend this free webinar about how to get that kind of 0% business credit.
Same webinar -- choose the time that works better for you:
Thursday Dec 6 @ 12pm Pacific / 3pm Eastern
Thursday Dec 6 @ 4pm Pacific / 7pm Eastern
(Click one of the above)
Interestingly, using these methods can actually boost your personal credit rating, and yet, none of this business credit shows up on your credit report. These are legitimate strategies that are unknown to most business owners.
Simply: if it would help you to have a loan or credit to grow your business, this event is a “must” attend. It’ll save a lot of time and you'll get the latest best practices to get business credit.
If you attend and use these strategies, I’d love to hear how you’ll be spending the new funds!
Cheers, George
If you wish to stop receiving our emails or change your subscription options, please Manage Your Subscription George Kao Coaching, P.O. Box 22285, San Francisco CA, 94122
Our techno age has evolved so drastically; who ever thought that our cell phones would serve as interchangeable mini computers with ideas communicated in the blink of an eye whether they consist of graphic arts or military objectives. A whole new world is at our finger tips waiting to be explored while we’re on the move with numerous cultures around the world to numerous to count. Even our literary options have drastically increased allowing us the freedom to enjoy our favorite books, magazines, news papers, and last but not least the various hard back to soft back graphic novels that were birthed from the comic book age we all grew up with.
The onslaught of comic book genres that fill the shelves in our homes and at book stores are too numerous to count. Who knew then how they would evolve and how their value would sky rocket as time moved into this techno age.
One can only imagine how easy it was to accumulate boxes of comic books with companies like Wild Storm, Image, Vertigo, Dark Horse, Top Cow, and last but not least the Grand Daddies of them all “DC comics and Marvel Inc.” supplying our weekly habit of super heroes and villains fueling our imaginations. When did the world of comic books enthrall and compel us? At one time or another in our life we have picked up a comic book. What was it about that collection of colorful images that drew us in captivating us? Was it the unbelievable feasts of our heroes or was it the diabolical plots of those villains who sometimes invaded our dreams as children. Who were these villains where did they come from what was their psychosis and plot for world domination…or destruction of the universe itself. For as long as anyone can remember there has always been some petty tyrant threatening mankind. So our comic book industry has taken advantage of these psychotic individuals with delusions of grandeur as far back as the First and Second World War with Hitler and his infamous Third Reich, or America’s ugly history of segregation that created a dark backdrop with images of white robed tormentors burning crosses and how African descended people and people of color in general were depicted during that time. Can you imagine how long the comic book industry has existed? Let us turn back the pages of time.
Originally located in Manhattan, NY 432 Fourth Ave later relocating to 575 Lexington Ave in 1934 National Allied Publications was one of the most successful companies operating in the market for American comics they were the publishing unit of DC entertainment a company of Warner Bros owned by Time Warner. They were the producers of well known characters such as Superman, and others. Later with the advent of Dick Tracy and Batman National Allied Publications transformed to Detective Comics hence the initials D.C. later they were to morph into Direct Comics, but still maintaining the DC logo
In 1939 in NY Timely Publications was founded another American company that published comic books and other related media as the segregation era continued raging in the south.
By the early 1950s Timely Publications had become Atlas Comics, and the birthing of the Civil Rights era was underway with Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King. In 1955 Rosa Parks refused to give her seat to a white person hence fueling the inequality and injustices of the treatment of people of color in this country. Her defiance inspired the Montgomery Alabama boycott which Dr. Martin Luther King and others was a driving force.
In 1961 at the height of the Civil Rights era Atlas Comics became Marvel Comics launching the Fantastic four and other super heroes created by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby, Steve Ditko, and others creating the marvel universe with such characters as the Avengers, Dr. Doom, X men, The Hulk and many others.
As the Civil Rights era gained momentum influencing the nation to adopt a stand for the elimination of injustice and inequality attracting worldwide attention the first black super hero was created in a mainstream comic book publication Marvel comic Inc. T`Challa the king of a fictional advanced African nation referred to as WaKanda located in central Africa; made his appearance as the “Black Panther” in 1966 in the Fantastic 4 issue #52 created by writer / editor Stan Lee and penciled by Jack Kirby.
The Black Panther’s name predates 1966. The original Black Panther title was birthed from the segregated African American WW2 tank Battalion who liberated France. In the sixties others soldiers would pick up the mantle of fighting for justice ushering in the next generation of civil rights; Huey Newton, Bobby Seals, Stokely Carmichael, creating the Black Panther Party. The Black Panther has always had a history of fighting inequality, injustice and protecting those who could not protect themselves. Could this concept of the Black Panther been adopted from the African American experience in this country by Marvel comics? Later on in the sixties The Falcon, and Luke Cage were penciled to life with DC comics following suit creating such characters as Tyroc, Black lightning, and John Steward / Green lantern. However there were predecessors to these black characters.
In 1947 All Negro Comics Inc. was founded with artist / writer John Terrell and George J Evens; who created black characters such as detective Ace Harlem. Another popular comic series was Ezekiel’s manhunt an action adventure and there was Lion Man an educated black man sent by the United Nations on a mission to find Uranium on Africa’s Gold Coast. These characters predated our heroes we know today; blazing a trail for positive images much needed for the revolutionary era to begin Civil Rights and Equality for all.
In 2008 Walt Disney acquired Marvel Worldwide commonly referred to as Marvel comics formally Marvel publishing Inc. and Marvel Comics Group for $4.24 billion. Walt Disney grosses 36 billion annually.
There is no doubt the African American experience has dramatically influenced the Marvel and DC universes. Such a rich and diverse history accompanied by a culture older then the colonization of this country has left its mark upon the comic book industry.
