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Tetraquark Discovery...

Four flavours: X(5568) has no charm quark/antiquark pair. (Courtesy: Shutterstock/paul_june)

Topics: Particle Physics, Quantum Mechanics, Quarks, Theoretical Physics


A new particle that is a bound state of four different flavours of quarks has been discovered by physicists working on the DØ experiment at Fermilab *. Called X(5568), the particle has a mass of about 5568 MeV/c2, and appears to contain "up" and "bottom" quarks as well as "down" and "strange" antiquarks.

Although other tetraquarks have previously been identified, X(5568) is the first in which all of the quarks have different flavours, which could affect our understanding of how quarks interact with each other. The discovery is also notable because X(5568) is produced at a much higher rate in proton–antiproton collisions than had been expected.

The particle was discovered by sifting through data acquired by DØ – an experiment that ran at Fermilab's Tevatron proton–antiproton collider from 2002 to 2011. The statistical significance of the discovery is 5.1σ, which puts it just above the 5σ required for a discovery in particle physics.

*  *  *  *  *

* And the X(5568) is not just any new tetraquark. While all other observed tetraquarks contain at least two of the same flavor, X(5568) has four different flavors: up, down, strange and bottom.

“The next question will be to understand how the four quarks are put together,” says DZero co-spokesperson Paul Grannis. “They could all be scrunched together in one tight ball, or they might be one pair of tightly bound quarks that revolves at some distance from the other pair.”

Four-quark states are rare, and although there’s nothing in nature that forbids the formation of a tetraquark, scientists don’t understand them nearly as well as they do two- and three-quark states.

This latest discovery comes on the heels of the first observation of a pentaquark—a five-quark particle—announced last year by the LHCb experiment at the Large Hadron Collider.
Image Source: Fermilab

Physics World: Fermilab bags a tetraquark, Hamish Johnston

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The Battle Roar of Sekhmet

Egypt, 1350 BC

I entered the sanctuary area at the back of our hut with a bowl of gazelle meat. Beside me my niece, little Nebet, hugged her miniature drum as if it were a doll. The likenesses of our forefathers and mothers watched our passage with painted eyes, their altars adorned with weapons and the gold flies their valor had earned them in life. But it was the gilded likeness of Sekhmet, she of the lion mask and blood-dyed gown, who awaited our arrival against the wall. Despite the dimming of the sunlight through our hut's narrow windows, Sekhmet's amber eyes blazed with the same fire that had emboldened generations of our ancestors.

Many times I had knelt before her as I did now, lighting the meat I laid at her feet. The scent of its burning recalled battle after battle of blazing tents and enemies being speared, shot, or cleaved into pieces. The warmth channeled the sun’s blazing heat, which glossed my dark brown skin with perspiration. Even the crackling of flesh breaking down into ash became the cracking of bones and shields as I yelled the battle roar of Sekhmet in my memories.

This evening I would consult our matron for a different battle. This time, our enemies were not Kushites with ochre-reddened hair and leopard-belted kilts. Nor were they easterners like the Hittites or Babylonians, with light-skinned faces and loosely curled beards. No, they were Egyptians like ourselves, fellow children of the Black Land who had fallen under the influence of the false Pharaoh Akhenaten.

Already they had dragged little Nebet’s father away to slave away in the lair that tyrant had built for himself and his cult of lies. I did not even want to guess what his minions had done to her mother. Only I remained to protect and teach the girl over the past year, and never would I let her suffer the same fate as her parents.

I gave her a nod and she pounded her drum with more unbridled passion of a temple ensemble. Together we sang our prayer for Sekhmet’s vigilance, for her guidance, for the courage with which she would imbue us in the face of war and persecution. The fire on my offering continued to flicker on our ancestors’ faces as their spirits’ voices joined ours in a greater chorus. The thumping of my heart became a rhythm complementing Nebet’s drum, as did the war drums that had thundered before all my past battles. Alongside the music’s growing fury there rose an energy within me that flamed as hot as Sekhmet’s gaze. As she opened her jaws to bare her fangs in my vision, so did I.

It built up from my breast to my throat, ready to be released over a climax of cracking drums and shrieking cries.

Instead came the hoarse bray of a royal trumpet. Then followed silence, and finally the rapping of a bony knuckle on our door.

Nebet embraced the drum with shivering arms. I murmured to her that it would turn out all right, for you could never tell a frightened child anything else. Even I didn’t want to believe otherwise.

Outside the door, as expected, awaited Vizier Ay with his leopard-skin mantle, accompanied by royal guards with spears and cow-hide shields. He greeted me with the usual sneer on his dark, wrinkled date of a face, and the night-black dreadlocks of his wig clashed with the scruffy white stubble around his mouth. But judging from the way his eyes ran up and down my figure, he had more than uppity pride spreading that filthy smile of his.

“Well, well, if it isn’t Egypt’s distinguished champion, Takhaet,” Ay croaked. “I understand you’ve earned yourself a whole swarm of flies, yet your beauty remains unworn after so much combat.”

I scoffed. “Most men say my beauty is enhanced by that. But maybe strong women are too much for you to handle, old Vizier.”

“Don’t you dare disrespect a servant of Pharaoh, young lady!” The Vizier spat into my face and banged his staff against the dirt road. “This business is so important, may I inform you, that defiance could cost you your very life---or your adorable little niece’s. Tell me, O Takhaet, was it to our Aten that you were praying to?”

If I were to lie, I could spare myself and Nebet whatever this ancient monster and his master had planned for us. But I could not deny our lyrics had named Sekhmet rather than Akhenaten’s pet demon. Nor could I deny that our drumming had spoken in her favorite rhythms rather than any other god’s. And even if it would save my family, I could never betray the men and women of my village by pointing to them. A painful truth was better than a lie that hurt others.

“No, but it’s neither your business nor Akhenaten’s! You can prostrate before that devil you call Aten all you want, but you can never claw out your subjects’ deepest beliefs, no matter how you try!”

The sneer returned to Ay’s face. “But I can silence them. And I have, many, many times. Why, I must’ve…disciplined more commoners like you than all the barbarians you’ve ever slain, Takhaet. But, this time I’ll be diplomatic.”

I was not surprised when I saw one shriveled hand of his glide back and forth over his crotch. That gesture wrung my stomach like a wet rag inside.

“I know what you’re thinking, withered son of a jackal’s bastard. And I could rip out what remains of your manhood with my bare fist!”

The Vizier stepped back, cackling like a sickly hyena. “Excuse me, I didn’t mean that kind of deal. I meant something that would strike closer to your heart. Get the child!”

One of his soldiers shoved me aside, by happenstance touching the back of my hip, and marched into our hut. Nebet screamed and flailed her arms when he yanked her up between his arms.

“Isn’t this a sweet, plump young piece of crocodile bait!” he said. “Hopefully they’ll leave one piece for my supper!”

“You savage!” I lunged after him, but one of his comrades wrapped his arm around my neck and pulled me away.

“So what shall it be, O Takhaet? Your little Nebet or your loyalty to dead gods?”

I could not allow my niece, all that remained of my blood-kin, to fall into the clutches of men viler and more wretched than any Babylonian or Kushite I ever slew. Too many children, probably thousands, must have already been tossed to the crocodiles at Akhenaten’s behest. If either her father or mother still lived, only knowledge of their child’s survival could keep them going. Caving into Ay’s demands would keep her alive. It would also further fuel his swollen Vizier’s pride and embolden him to seek out more victims, more children to threaten and kill. Sekhmet could never die, but both Nebet and all the other children of Egypt could.

I answered his dilemma with a kick of my heel into my arrester’s shin.

Breaking myself free of his chokehold, I tore the knife out from under his belt and chucked it into the brow of Nebet’s captor. My niece hopped and clung onto my back even as I caught the soldier’s fallen spear and used it to pole-vault over the rest. On the other side waited Ay’s personal chariot. After knocking the driver out with the spear’s butt, I grabbed the reins and whipped the horses into a neighing gallop.

Driving the chariots was always my favorite part of battle.

Huts, villagers, and trees blurred past me. The wind blew in a cool gale against my face. I couldn’t help but yell with girlish glee as I relived the thrill of a chariot chase, even with all its bouncing jolts and veers.

Nebet, much to my joyful surprise, squealed and laughed with me. “Can we do this again sometime, Aunt Takhi?”

“Next time he comes, I promise!” I said.

Our fun ended with the bang of a thrown spear against the chariot’s wheel. It threw us into the sky over the skidding horses until we crashed onto a hut’s thatched roof. Only by the mercy of the old gods did I catch Nebet before she hit something harder.

Ay’s thugs encircled the hut and hurled more spears at us. As I dodged their throws with Nebet on my back, I observed we had reached the village’s edge. Beyond the outer palisade sprawled a grassy field with scattered acacias, which in turn gave way to forest on the horizon’s edge. The shelter under those trees would be our only hope.

I picked up another spear and vaulted from the roof, over the palisade, and into grass that stretched higher than my knees. I sprinted as if I were racing a cheetah, but Ay’s cursing guards were closing behind me. My calves and thighs flared like a bush fire under my skin. A slung stone grazed my hip, but it made me stumble a couple of steps.

Ahead grazed a herd of wildebeest. I ran straight through them, and they scattered in all directions. I hoped their stampede would run over my pursuers, or at least that they would lose us among the panicking animals. I did not hear any men scream death cries, but neither did I see them behind me anymore. It was better than nothing.

I had burned away so much of my energy that evening that I slowed into a panting stagger upon entering the forest. I put Nebet down and collapsed into the low crotch of a sycamore fig tree, letting out a relieved exhale. The darkness under the treetops would be our sanctuary this night, because I had worn myself out for the day.

“Cower all you want in those woods, traitor!” Ay’s croaky voice, muffled as it was by the foliage, was unmistakable. “The leopards shall do our work instead!”

Nebet buried her head in my bosom like a baby nursing her own mother’s milk. Her teary eyes and cheeks reflected even the little waning sunlight that shafted through the canopy. “We’re never going back, are we, Aunt Takhi?”

I stroked her disheveled puffs of hair and gave her my most motherly smile, because I could not give her anything else. Not even a lie. “Only the gods know what lies ahead, my sweetheart.”

“But they failed us. Sekhmet failed us, they all failed us! That old guy was right, they are dead!”

“But his never existed. Why else would we be able to get away from him? We even killed at least one of his minions!” I wrapped my arms around my niece. “Besides, our prayer got interrupted. What if we were to finish it? This time, we’ll pray on behalf of all Egypt against Akhenaten’s oppression!”

“But we don’t have my drum. Or her idol!”

She was right, we could not go home to our hut’s sanctuary. And Akhenaten had robbed all the temples in Egypt of the gods’ likenesses in favor of that Aten monstrosity. Or rather, all the temples still in use. Egypt’s history, with all its chieftains and kings with their various works, ran many centuries further in the past than those. Many of those past works lay buried under wilderness like the forest around us.

“We may not need them,” I said. “I can think of something even better. And it shouldn’t be far from here at all.”

##

The white gaze of the moon, surrounded by innumerable stars, had replaced the sun in a blackened sky. Its light, faint as it was, guided me and Nebet through the maze of sycamore and palm trees. She tightened her grip on my breast with every bird squawk, monkey hoot, or coughing roar of the leopard. I myself felt cold serpents of fear slither up my spine despite the balmy humidity.

A twig cracked. Nebet yelped, and I spun around with hands clenched onto my spear. Across a nearby clearing bolted the shadow of a small antelope. Wait, once we had found what we were looking for, I might need that. With a singular throw, I managed to spear that duiker through the head.

“Is that for us?” Nebet asked.

“It’s for Sekhmet,” I said while hauling the carcass onto my shoulder. “Keeping hanging on there, little one. We’re almost there.”

From the corner of my eye I spied paw-prints bigger than most leopard tracks on the leaf-littered ground---tracks almost as big as a lion’s in fact. But lions were creatures of the open plain, not the forest, and Nebet had been scared enough times as it was.

We passed a vine-entangled falcon sculpture with a disc and a cobra mounted on its head. This was the likeness of Ra, the god of the sun which Akhenaten’s devil Aten tried to usurp along with all the other gods. Behind it a stout limestone obelisk towered up into the treetop canopy from a high slanted platform. Between them and the statue of Ra rose overgrown walls with a gatehouse bisecting them.

“This is a Temple of the Sun, like those built during the Fifth Dynasty,” I whispered to Nebet. “That would make it, what, over a thousand years old?”

“Whoah, that’s even older than Grandmother!” Nebet said. We chuckled together.

“It’s older than any of our grandparents, little baboon. Now these were built in honor of Ra, and was Sekhmet not born from Ra’s eye? We might speak to her through him!”

We pried open the temple entrance’s door and entered an open courtyard blanketed with undergrowth. The giant obelisk reared on its platform at the court’s opposite edge, with another likeness of Ra chiseled into its based. This time Ra was not all falcon but instead a man with a falcon mask who tread the python Apep underfoot. He did not watch his temple alone, but shared it with other animal-masked gods standing along the courtyard’s sides. I recognized Anpu the jackal, Sobek the crocodile, Hetheru the cow, Khnum the buffalo, Sutekh the aardvark, and Djehuti the ibis.

And then there was Sekhmet, she of the lion mask.

Her representation was over thrice the height of the one back in our hut. Not even centuries of erosion, or the creepers wrapped around her, could hide the glint of her ivory fangs or inlaid amber eyes. Under the moon, her glare blazed with more predatory brilliance than I had ever seen on her images.

“Look here!” Nebet had run over to a niche underneath the surrounding wall and was tapping on something wooden. “Drums!”

And she was right. Drums of all sizes had been cached in there, some as small as her own miniature one and others big enough for a grown woman like myself. My niece and I could drum together now!

I laid my duiker kill at Sekhmet’s feet and lit it with a makeshift torch. It blossomed into a huge ball of flame that made my previous offerings look miserly for the comparison. And with both Nebet and I holding drums between our legs, we recited our prayer with the full force of our voices.

All our ancestors must have been among the chorus that chanted with us, but the gods around us sang loudest of all. The beats came in many rhythms from both our drums, from my heartbeat, and from my memories. Entire armies thundered beside us, hooting and roaring, women shrieking and whooping like hyenas on the warpath. And as our larger offering crackled under the fire, so too did whole hordes of our enemies have their bones cracked and shields split asunder.

Again, it was building up from my lungs into my throat. I was ready to let it out like I never could at home.

What came was a roar. But not from myself, or Nebet. It wasn’t even Sekhmet’s roar, but that of a real, mortal feline.

There were three of them that had bounded into the temple’s courtyard. They were big and heavily built as lions, but had the hides of leopards, with two having spots and one a pure black coat. The larger of the spotted ones had a short mane like a young male lion’s. I had heard stories of rare crosses between lions and leopards, but had never seen one in all my hunts. Never mind a pride of three!

Blocking the way between Nebet and these half-bred cats, I jabbed my spear at them with a hiss and snarl. The male of the trio bared his fangs and answered with a deep, coughing roar that froze my flesh to the bone. At his sides his mates crouched, rolling their shoulders with glowing green leopards’ eyes on my niece.

We were outnumbered, but even I could not outrun half-lion, half-leopard felines in the woods at night. All I could do was teach them the fear of humanity. So I chose to charge them head-on.

The male cat met my challenge with the lightning quickness of his leopard parentage and the lion’s brute might. He had me pinned back-first under his paws, the weight of his muscles nearly crushing mine. He would have split my bones had I not gotten one stab of the spear into his flank. It did not fell him, but in his roar of pain he relaxed his pressure enough for me to roll free.

I jumped to make another thrust, aimed at his skull. Again his mixture of lion’s strength and leopard’s reflexes defeated my attack with a swat of his paw that took off the spear’s bronze head. The sudden force of his blow threw me off my footing into one of the statues’ bases.

Nebet’s scream of terror and pain pierced into my heart as well as my eardrums. The spotted female cat had already caught her by the skirt in her fangs! I threw my decapitated spear into the beast’s shoulder, saving my niece from the crunch of death, but the male of the pride had sprung for me. I darted out of his way, letting him collide with the statue behind me, and put Nebet onto my back. I beat away the spotted female half-breed’s next attack with the duiker’s charred corpse and hurried for the temple entrance.

From the head of another idol, the cat with the pure black coat shot down paw-first in my way and slashed its claws across my breast. I reeled back until all three of the pride were circling us like vultures over a kill. I had been a fool. There was no way to beat these cats in battle. The best we could do was break out of their trap and shut them in.

After one kick into the male half-breed’s face, I rushed past him through the entrance’s doorway. Together with Nebet, we slammed the old door closed. Though it throttled back and forth with the felines roaring behind it, the hard wood it had been hewn from withstood their attacks with resilience belying its antiquity.

I scooped my whimpering niece up and mumbled thankful prayers that the night’s violence had not inflicted fatal damage on her. “It’s all right, my sweetheart. We’re safe now.”

“Not any longer, O Takhaet!”

Ay and his squadron of soldiers had found us after all! Ringed by all their spears and axes, I had spent too much energy to defy them any longer.

“This time, I’ll make it simple. Surrender your dead faith or die!” Ay’s sneer had widened to an open grin of malevolent joy. “Choose rightly, and we’ll bring you home and act as if this never happened!”

It would have meant defeat for my cause, for the traditions I and all the people of Egypt had followed before Akhenaten’s ascent. But Sekhmet and her brethren had failed us twice. No, if those three half-lions were any sign, she must have turned on us, never mind all that we’d done for her. And as long as my niece’s life was no longer at stake, it no longer mattered whether we swore by Aten rather than the gods who had deserted us.

“How about this, old man?” It was Nebet who spoke. Not even the tears in her eyes could extinguish away the determination in them. “You tried to kill us, so why don’t we do the same to you?”

She tugged the handle on the door. I helped her, and we ran straight through the confused soldiers the moment it banged open again.

The clamor of feline roaring, splintering spears and shields, and the screams and death cries of men echoed between the trees. So did our laughter together.

“You are a clever little baboon, aren’t you? How’d you hatch that one so quick?”

“They came when we prayed to Sekhmet. She must’ve summoned them for something. And besides, you used wildebeest on those men earlier.” Nebet was beaming with the fierce pride of a triumphant warrior, a beam I had shown myself many times in my career. Like aunt, like niece.

“All right, you win!” A gagging Ay, with wig fallen off and a blood-sprayed leopard-skin mantle, had tripped off his cane behind us. “I’ll tell Pharaoh you surrendered, and have your whole village left alone. Truth be told, that bloated fool would rather laze around in his new ‘palace’ than run his kingdom as he should. Sole representative of Aten’s will, my smelly wrinkled ass!”

After helping him up, my niece and I nearly exploded from the hilarious irony of it all.

##

When we returned to our village after daybreak, the people welcomed us with cheers, hoots, and songs of praise. The headman thanked us for driving back the tyranny of Akhenaten and his false god, promising to reward us with the greatest feast the village had ever known.

And so it was held that evening. Hundreds of drums cracked and rumbled as we roasted whole cattle and antelopes in Sekhmet’s honor, firelight dancing to the many rhythms. Hundreds of men, women, and children sang her praises, adding to the drumbeats with clapping, stamping feet, and the banging of spear butts and walking sticks. This time, I did not need memories or imagination to enhance the music. It was real, it pulsed all around me, and it even made me dance beside the flames.

Finally I could let it flow from my lungs, up my throat, and out of my mouth. And for once, it was my own voice from whence came the battle roar of Sekhmet. 

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Star Trek (repost and add)...


Topics: African Americans, Diaspora, Diversity, Diversity in Science, Politics, Star Trek, STEAM, STEM, Women in Science

The current vitriol broadcast globally during the political season is enough to cause concern and lose hope. The past is set, yet in many cases its impact on current events ignored to our detriment. The future is malleable and in flux, yet the tools we use to discern it and prepare for it - science - some in our society would have us fear to our peril. As a Trekkie, I lament that the future we used to dream of in 1968 has led to our current morass of flirting with a new form of self-government more like play dough anarchy: "Idiocracy" as I've seen oft-quoted in social media was meant to be a comedy, not a documentary. We have elements of our society "rooting for Armageddon" without a discernible or rational "plan B."

My hope in 2017 when Star Trek returns to CBS, we can recapture that awe, wonder and hope catapulting ourselves from superstition and authoritarianism beyond the ignorant darkness into the light only science in its proper context can give.



All links to Star Trek on this blog here.
Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies:
The End: What Science and Religion Tell Us About the Apocalypse, Phil Torres

The vertical scroll (link here) first appeared February 26, 2014, reposted for this leap day.

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Cool write up on Comics Alliance. Check out part one on the website as well!

http://comicsalliance.com/black-comic-book-creators-part-two/

bcc2

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STEAM...

Image Source: Science Mag [2]


Topics: Diversity, Diversity in Science, STEM, Women in Science


STEAM: science, technology, engineering, art, mathematics recognizes that creative expression expands the intellect and learning. It allows us to be more than "left-brained" or "right-brained" and increases the faculties of individuals in science-related fields.

I of course applaud this and the emphasis on diversity, but forgive me  if I'm a bit cynical. Our American Society sadly, is rooted in a structure of divide and conquer: even the SAT, which has no bearing on a student's aptitude or motivation in college, is more of a gatekeeper than an accurate predictor of educational success.

We've foisted this global economy on ourselves without thinking of the consequences. Our children are literally competing with the planet, where creationism and science denial has no place. We'd better get in the business of ensuring all levels of our society have a chance at trade school, community programs and four year colleges, along with the associated employment for them when they need it to start families, and the elimination of loan debt. The current formula will not make us "great again": it will likely lead to modern feudalism, a system inherently undemocratic and non republic.

The National Science Foundation (NSF) wants to make the U.S. scientific community more inclusive. And the more ideas, the better.

This week NSF announced its intention to hand out small grants later this year to dozens of institutions to test novel ways of broadening participation in science and engineering. Winners of the 2-year, $300,000 pilot grants will be eligible to compete next year for up to five, $12.5 million awards over 5 years. NSF is calling the program INCLUDES. (The acronym stands for a real jaw-breaker: inclusion across the nation of communities of learners of underrepresented discoverers in engineering and science.)

The underrepresentation of women and minorities in the scientific workforce is a problem that has persisted for decades despite many well-meaning federal initiatives. NSF Director France Cordova has spoken repeatedly about her intention of moving the needle on the issue since taking office in March 2014. And this initiative, totaling roughly $75 million, could well be the signature program of her 6-year term. [1]

Our culture has drawn an artificial line between art and science, one that did not exist for innovators like Leonardo da Vinci and Steve Jobs. Leonardo’s curiosity and passion for painting, writing, engineering and biology helped him triumph in both art and science; his study of anatomy and dissections of corpses enabled his incredible drawings of the human figure. When introducing the iPad 2, Jobs, who dropped out of college but continued to audit calligraphy classes, declared: “It’s in Apple’s DNA that technology alone is not enough — it’s technology married with liberal arts, married with the humanities, that yields us the result that makes our heart sing.” (Indeed, one of Apple’s scientists, Steve Perlman, was inspired to invent the QuickTime multimedia program by an episode of “Star Trek.”) [2]

1. We don’t need more STEM majors. We need more STEM majors with liberal arts training.
Dr. Loretta Jackson-Hayes
2. NSF launches long-awaited diversity initiative, Jeffery Mervis

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Fast Radio Bursts and Missing Matter...



This image shows the field of view of the Parkes radio telescope on the left. On the right are successive zoom-ins in on the area where the signal came from (cyan circular region). The image at the bottom right shows the Subaru image of the FRB galaxy, with the superimposed elliptical regions showing the location of the fading 6-day afterglow seen with ATCA. Image Credit: D. Kaplan (UWM), E. F. Keane (SKAO).

Topics: Astronomy, Astrophysics, Radio Astronomy


An international team of scientists using a combination of radio and optical telescopes has for the first time managed to identify the location of a fast radio burst, allowing them to confirm the current cosmological model of the distribution of matter in the universe.

On April 18, 2015, a fast radio burst (FRB) was detected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)'s 64-m Parkes radio telescope in Australia. An international alert was triggered to follow it up with other telescopes and within a few hours, a number of telescopes around the world were looking for the signal, including CSIRO's Australian Telescope Compact Array (ATCA).

FRBs are mysterious bright radio flashes generally lasting only a few milliseconds. Their origin is still unknown, with a long list of potential phenomena associated with them. FRBs are very difficult to detect; before this discovery only 16 had been detected.

"In the past FRBs have been found by sifting through data months or even years later. By that time it is too late to do follow up observations." says Dr Evan Keane, Project Scientist at the Square Kilometre Array Organisation and the lead scientist behind the study. To remedy this, the team developed their own observing system to detect FRBs within seconds, and to immediately alert other telescopes, when there is still time to search for more evidence in the aftermath of the initial flash.

Phys.org: New fast radio burst discovery finds 'missing matter' in the universe
Published in Nature
#P4TC: FRBs...

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For The Better...

Illustration: Takashi Takahashi/Tohoku University


Topics: Condensed Matter Physics, Graphene, Materials Science, Nanotechnology, Semiconductor Technology, Superconductors, Solid State Physics, Quantum Mechanics


Graphene is an amazing conductor. The transport of electrons through graphene nanoribbons has even surpassed what scientists thought were the theoretical limits for the material—so much so that electrons moving through it seem to behave almost like photons.

Graphene’s amazing properties as a conductor has inspired some researchers to explore whether the single-atom-thick sheets of carbon could also be made into superconductors. Last year, an international research team from Canada and Germany was able to demonstrate that graphene can be made to behave that way when it’s doped with lithium atoms.

Now researchers in Japan (from Tohoku University and the University of Tokyo) have developed a new method for coaxing graphene to behave as a superconductor that has some important and distinctive differences from the previous research by the Canadian and German researchers.

IEEE: Graphene's Role as a Superconductor Just Got Better, Dexter Johnson

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Chiral Molecules...

The circular dichroism spectra for short spirals (red) and long spirals (blue). For longer spirals there is a red shift in the mode in the visible regime but not for the mode in the UV. Courtesy Nanotechnology.


Topics: Biology, Chemistry, Materials Science, Nanotechnology


The chirality of molecular structures can significantly affect a substance’s effect on biological systems, but the low signal means distinguishing chiral signals can be challenging. Fledgling studies in chiral plasmonics hope to exploit the resulting enhancements in chiral detection, just as molecular sensing has benefited from techniques like surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Now researchers have extended the understanding of chiral plasmonics by identifying how structural parameters affect the chiral plasmon signals from silver nanospirals.

"This is like where we were in the 1990s with plasmons," says Zhifeng Huang, associate professor in the Physics Department at Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), who led this latest research. "People have been wondering whether it is possible to use chiral plasmons to amplify the signal of chiral molecules, but first we need to understand chiral plasmons." The stakes are high for enhancing chiral signal detection and differentiation, since it has an impact on pharmaceuticals, agriculture, food quality monitoring and control, disease diagnosis and treatment, and environmental protection and sustainable development.

Chirality refers to a property of structures that exist in two versions - "enantiomers" - that are mirror images of each other but cannot be superimposed. Examples of chiral molecules include penicillamine, where the right-handed version is effective for rheumatoid arthritis therapy, whereas the left-handed version is toxic, or aspartame, where the left-handed version tastes sweet and has been patented in the food industry, whereas the right-handed version is tasteless.

Nanotechweb: Helical structures affect chiral plasmons, Anna Demming

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Copernican Principle...

NASA/ESA/ESO


Topics: Astronomy, Astrophysics, Cosmology, Exoplanets, SETI, Theoretical Physics


A new tally proposes that roughly 700 quintillion (1018) terrestrial exoplanets are likely to exist across the observable universe—most vastly different from Earth

More than 400 years ago Renaissance scientist Nicolaus Copernicus reduced us to near nothingness by showing that our planet is not the center of the solar system. With every subsequent scientific revolution, most other privileged positions in the universe humans might have held dear have been further degraded, revealing the cold truth that our species is the smallest of specks on a speck of a planet, cosmologically speaking. A new calculation of exoplanets suggests that Earth is just one out of a likely 700 million trillion terrestrial planets in the entire observable universe. But the average age of these planets—well above Earth’s age—and their typical locations—in galaxies vastly unlike the Milky Way—just might turn the Copernican principle on its head.

Astronomer Erik Zackrisson from Uppsala University and his colleagues created a cosmic compendium of all the terrestrial exoplanets likely to exist throughout the observable universe, based on the rocky worlds astronomers have found so far. In a powerful computer simulation, they first created their own mini universe containing models of the earliest galaxies. Then they unleashed the laws of physics—as close as scientists understand them—that describe how galaxies grow, how stars evolve and how planets come to be. Finally, they fast-forwarded through 13.8 billion years of cosmic history. Their results, published to the preprint server arXiv (pdf) and submitted to The Astrophysical Journal, provide a tantalizing trove of probable exoplanet statistics that helps astronomers understand our place in the universe. “It's kind of mind-boggling that we're actually at a point where we can begin to do this,” says co-author Andrew Benson from the Carnegie Observatories in California. Until recently, he says, so few exoplanets were known that reasonable extrapolations to the rest of the universe were impossible. Still, his team’s findings are a preliminary guess at what the cosmos might hold. “It's certainly the case that there are a lot of uncertainties in a calculation like this. Our knowledge of all of these pieces is imperfect,” he adds.

Scientific American: Exoplanet Census Suggests Earth Is Special after All
Shannon Hall

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Future Engineers...

Image Source: Tokyo Tech


Topics: 3D Printing, Humor, NASA, Science Fiction, Space Exploration, Star Trek, STEM


I kind of tackled this in the posts Tea, Earl Grey and Kardashev Scales, essentially we're likely not to achieve the clearly miracle technologies that would violate the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle (I'm pretty certain about that!).

However, the closest approximation to replicators are the 3D printing systems that are becoming almost routine; some mentioned even in the same breath as the 2nd Amendment strangely enough.

It is good, with Star Trek due in 2017 to start now to engage the young in STEM activities that will lead ultimately to the next generation of scientists and engineers that will get us to Mars and beyond.

And, for that consequential and monumentally long journey (barring we survive our own hubris to make the actual trek): we shall have to EAT.

NASA, ASME, Star Trek Challenge Future Engineers to Turn Science Fiction into Science Fact
Future Engineers: Star Trek Replicator Challenge

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GCM...

Image Source: NOAA

Topics: Climate Change, Computer Science, Global Warming, Research, STEM, Stochastic Modeling

Whenever news breaks about what Earth's climate is expected to be like decades into the future or how much rainfall various regions around the country or the world are likely to receive, those educated estimates are generated by a global climate model.

But what exactly is a climate model? And how does it work?

At its most basic, a global climate model (GCM) is a computer software program that solves complex equations that mathematically describe how Earth's various systems, processes and cycles work, interact and react under certain conditions. It's math in action.

A global model depends on submodels

Submodels can be broken into two classes: dynamics and physics. Dynamics refers to fluid dynamics. The atmosphere and the ocean are both treated mathematically as fluids. The physics class includes natural processes such as the carbon organic soil respiration cycle and sunlight as it passes though and heats the atmosphere.

Just as Earth's major systems and spheres — the atmosphere, the biosphere, the hydrosphere and the cryosphere — interact with and influence each other, so too must the subprograms in a climate model that represents them. This is accomplished through a technique called coupling, in which scientists develop additional equations and subprograms that knit together divergent submodels. That's what climate researcher Rob Jacob does at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory.

Argonne National Laboratory:
Scientists compose complex math equations to replicate behaviors of Earth systems
Angela Hardin

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Pondering my character - Nero

The one scribing these words falsely believes that it is she who created me. On the contrary, it was by my choosing that she came to know of my existence, and to experience one of my tales. I’ve walked with her for many years. My very existence is a driving force in your world. And when your time is spent, and the last grain floats towards eternity, it is I who comes to collect.

I have many names, San le Muerte, Reaper, Death. Though I’ve grown fond of the monnicer this scribe thrust upon me. She calls me Nero. Fitting I suppose considering the years of death and destruction my Namesake cast upon Europe so many years ago. But I am older than he, as old as time itself and your world.  Oh, and the whole scythe thing, while I am the keeper of such device, it is far from the obligatory ever present thir appendage mortals tend to depict in the pictorial representation of my one of my many chosen forms. And don’t get me started on the black billowing cloak thing.

My skin is pale, by choice of course for I am an master of disguise capable of taking any form of my choosing as the situation dictates. My eyes are not empty, rather they change depending upon my mood, my purpose, and the charge I am faced with. They may be as dark as night, speckles of white flickering as my power seeps through. Typically, they appear nearly devoid of color, just a hint of divide between the iris and pupil, a condition mortals call heterochromia iridum. When angered, they burn red, orange, and yellow like the sun. And when I’m with my dear Lavenia, the hues of the Caribbean sea dance in my eyes.

An outsider looking in sees me as the one who steals their loved ones away. And in some cases, the sick beg for my visit to end their suffering. My name is spoken with disdain. All tremble in fear when my icy presence descends upon them. No matter that they summoned me. No matter that I am only doing what I was created to do. No matter I too have a master I serve.

But none of your world know my truth. For it was my hand that thrust the world into utter chaos. My hand that tapped the dominoes starting the chain reaction that lead to the need for Wraiths. It was my decision that tore apart two worlds. All because I broke the rules.

It haunts me still. The sacrifice made by the one I am now bound to, in order to restore the balance, albeit temporarily. I do now understand what before I could not. And I do what I can to correct my mistake even when others wish differently.

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Hi BSFS, this is Ricardo H, creator of the animated series Kollege Kids. I been away for some time to focus and now I am back. Kollege Kids is better than ever now.  This will be a 2D/3D cartoon show and I developed my technique of 2D/3D blending while I was away. In addition I been character writing for the main Kollege Kids and their supporting characters.  In this new Kollege Kids; there will be fully expansive worlds and cities where the characters live. Think of Sims 3 when you think of the new Kollege Kids format.

We plan on doing a show called Professor Holmes which with be the backstory of the main characters and the world they live in.  This will take place in  the land of Chessman/Africa America where you will get African and American history in one place. You will get to see a family oriented show with an epic action empire feel. I had to go and write for the Kollege Kids parents since they will be the orators of this show.

It has been two years and that is a long time. However good things take time. New revelations come to at a certain period in my life. In those years when I faced trials and tribulation; I kept investing and typing when  I did not see the vision. I had to start from scratch going from one paragraph to two pages. It takes hard work to manage an animated series. Constantly learning new formats and staying current & trending. The creative differences with your team can cause you to fight and  split for a certain amount of time. 

The major thing I want to give advice is if you don't have infrastructure to handle what you doing. You  will fall down and be fragile like Fine China.  You need equipment, computer insurance plan, an office, TV for productivity,  and money to keep investing. Kollege Kids two years did not have a solid infrastructure. Now it is getting to a solid infrastructure.  Here is an update on Kollege Kids and thanks for being concerned and patient. It will be worth your wait.

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Light-Effect Transistor...

Image Source: MIT Technology Review


Topics: Consumer Electronics, Electrical Engineering, Economy, Nanotechnology, Optics, STEM


This caught my eye working in the industry, especially since the doping of silicon or germanium substrates requires the introduction of impurities at high energies and many of them poisonous to humans, hence the great control we use in manufacture. My guess (or, my hope) is this will in some extent prove cleaner as well as cheaper to produce.

TECHNOLOGY REVIEW: The field effect transistor is the workhorse of the consumer electronics industry. Carved into microchips in the billions, these devices beaver away, more or less unnoticed, in practically every home, office, and laboratory in the developed world.

And yet there is a perennial problem with field effect transistors that keeps chip designers awake at night—how to make them ever smaller and thereby keep up the relentless pace of Moore’s Law.

These silicon layers have to be doped with other atoms—just a handful will do the trick in such small components. And therein lies the problem. Even small random variation in the number of dopant atoms in semiconductor components can have a huge effect on the behavior of the transistor. How to control these variations during manufacture is by no means clear. Then there is the physical problem of making a device with three terminals even smaller.

Today, Jason Marmon at University of North Carolina in Charlotte and a few pals unveil just such a device in the form of a light effect transistor. This is essentially a wire that conducts when it is bathed in light and insulates when it is dark. In other words, it is a switch modulated by light. The team says its new device is simpler than a field effect transistor and does not rely on dopant atoms, so it can be made smaller and thereby continue Moore’s law.

Abstract


Modern electronics are developing electronic-optical integrated circuits, while their electronic backbone, e.g. field-effect transistors (FETs), remains the same. However, further FET down scaling is facing physical and technical challenges. A light-effect transistor (LET) offers electronic-optical hybridization at the component level, which can continue Moore's law to the quantum region without requiring a FET's fabrication complexity, e.g. a physical gate and doping, by employing optical gating and photoconductivity. Multiple independent gates are therefore readily realized to achieve unique functionalities without increasing chip space. Here we report LET device characteristics and novel digital and analog applications, such as optical logic gates and optical amplification. Prototype CdSe-nanowire-based LETs show output and transfer characteristics resembling advanced FETs, e.g. on/off ratios up to ~1.0x10^6 with a source-drain voltage of ~1.43 V, gate-power of ~260 nW, and subthreshold swing of ~0.3 nW/decade (excluding losses). Our work offers new electronic-optical integration strategies and electronic and optical computing approaches.

Physics arXiv:
Light-effect transistor (LET) with multiple independent gating controls for optical logic gates and optical amplification
Jason K. Marmon, Satish C. Rai, Kai Wang, Weilie Zhou, Yong Zhang

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Enter the S.Y.P.H.E.N.

I like filmed Science Fiction. At some point in those stories, that cool Sci-Fi blue (I, ROBOT poster) will emerge onto the screen and man, I just settle back and enjoy the show. It's not often that African-Americans get to battle the forces of the unknown not just in Sci-Fi, but Fantasy and Horror as well. Combining those two threads and in my mind's eye, that wonderful entity called, imagination, I wrote a screenplay based on a concept that was originally set in the 1800s. I wanted to juxtapose two elements or genres that rarely merge with one another: Science Fiction and the Western. Now, the mix appeared in the past with more notable films such as the Wild, Wild, West, Jonah Hex and Cowboys & Aliens. The mix hasn't worked very well at the box office or in critical review. After reworking the concept to present day, I re-titled the script, NEMESIS.
 
After some time of working on it, I thought better of it and decided to adapt it into a book, which is another post in itself. I don't feel any writing is a waste of time and if the film rights ever interested the authorities in Hollywood, at least, I'd have the first opportunity at the screenplay adaptation. In addition, writing such a tight-paged project like a movie script taught me about pace in my novel work. NEMESIS was an acronym as well, but I researched and found several uses of the name in other creative projects. I changed the title to S.Y.P.H.E.N. for more originality and found an appropriate acronym for it as well. I've always been entertained with science fiction/fantasy whether in film, TV or comics. The comics-to-film blockbusters like The Avengers and their spinoffs (you know the names) the Fantastic Four, Daredevil, and Spider-Man all in the Marvel Universe. Then add Batman, Superman, Green Lantern, Flash and Green Arrow from the DC Comics world not to mention the villains in both company's properties. The film series of movies like Star Wars, Star Trek, ALIEN and Predator, etc. Television programs like the recently relaunched X-Files (can you hear the music?), GRIMM, Sleepy Hollow, Falling Skies, Star Trek: The Next Generation, Fringe, Profiler and many other shows from the 60s through the 2000s. If those types of movies and TV shows captivate you, then I hope you'll give S.Y.P.H.E.N. a chance as well. Hey, if enough of you around the world do so, S.Y.P.H.E.N. could play in a theater near you in future. That’s as cool as the Sci-Fi blue, baby.

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Ultrasound Resolution...



Figure 1. Superresolution ultrasound image of the blood vessels in the cortex of a rat’s brain. The colors represent velocity: Dark and light blue indicate blood flow in the direction of the skull (toward the top of the image), and red and yellow indicate flow away from the skull. (Courtesy of Mickael Tanter.)



Citation: Phys. Today 69, 2, 14 (2016); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.3069

Topics: Acoustic Physics, Applied Physics, Biology, Cancer, Nobel Prize, Research


With an acoustic analogue of a Nobel Prize–winning optical technique, researchers can acquire detailed images quickly.



In many ways, ultrasound waves are ideally suited to noninvasive biomedical imaging. They’re easy and inexpensive to produce and detect, and they can penetrate deep into tissue without losing their coherence or causing damage. But because of diffraction, conventional ultrasound imaging—like conventional optical microscopy—is limited in resolution to about half a wavelength. In clinical ultrasound applications, which use wavelengths between 200 µm and 1 mm, that limit precludes the imaging of many important structures, including small blood vessels. Shorter wavelengths yield better resolution, but they also penetrate less deeply into tissue.

For optical applications, innovative fluorescence techniques have been devised to overcome the diffraction limit, as recognized by the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (see Physics Today, December 2014, page 18). Inspired by that work, Mickael Tanter and his colleagues at the Langevin Institute (affiliated with ESPCI, Inserm, and CNRS) in Paris have now developed a superresolution ultrasound technique,1 which they’ve used to image the blood vessels in a rat’s brain with 10-µm resolution, as shown in figure 1. Applying the technique in humans could help to detect cancer and other diseases that alter blood-flow patterns.



Physics Today: Ultrasound resolution beats the diffraction limit, Johanna L. Miller

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In the full darkness of the Great Gulf between Galaxies a presence stirs, something that has not been seen for an age. Its disruptive entrance into our reality does not go unnoticed. In the Majestic Galaxy sentients observe this event, powers are alerted, and great fleets are on the move. 

The appearance of this presence, The Kha’ahmpion, can tilt the scales of power in the Great Majestic. On one side the Zradgen Empire. On the other, The Majestic Alliance. They will seek this power, wherever it may go. 


On Earth, a young Joshua Champion self-proclaimed nerd is just now coming into the world of high school pop life, by way of a love for football. 


From the stars in a far off galaxy all the way to a vibrant American city, forces that stride the cosmos with power beyond reckoning are converging on Atlanta, all to shatter the stability and safety of Joshua’s life, changing him into something he could scarcely imagine beyond his comics. He must take up this mantle of responsibility and defend all that we know, if we are to survive. Joshua, must become more than just a hero. He must become CHAMPION.

GET THE BOOK TODAY: http://www.dsauthorverse.com/products/champion-a-novel

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Season 4 of the Priestess begins as a vision of things to come disturbs the Priestess. Once more the tiny threads of fate are weaving together to form a tapestry that will cover all who live and prosper in the Valley Realm! The time has come once more when those who journeyed forth to save the Valley must gather their wits and weapons to do so again. However, with Little Fish missing, how will the brave warriors of the Valley travel to far off realms? The 'Second Saga' begins in part one of 'The Priestess: An Invitation Accepted"!

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