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To the 22nd Century...

Posted by Reginald L. Goodwin on July 26, 2016 at 6:07am
Image Source: YouTube embed below


Topics: Mars, NASA, Planetary Science, Space Exploration, Spaceflight


(July 15, 2016) - The Boeing Co marked its centennial on Friday with plans to sharpen its focus on innovation, including ambitious projects for supersonic commercial flight and a rocket that could carry humans to other planets.

But innovation at Boeing will be "disciplined" and not endanger the future of the world's biggest plane maker, Chief Executive Dennis Muilenburg told reporters at an event marking the company's founding on July 15, 1916.

The enterprise established by William Boeing in a Seattle boathouse has faced numerous "bet the company" moments over its 10 decades to bring out new planes such as the 707 and 747.

"We have won for 100 years because of innovation," Muilenburg said. "The key is disciplined innovation. We'll take risks. We'll invest smartly."

Chicago-based Boeing has managed to stay ahead of European rival Airbus in plane production and is a major defense and space contractor, producing fighter jets, aerial refueling tankers, communications satellites and rockets.

The company is exploring the possibilities of commercial supersonic and hypersonic planes, Muilenburg said. It also is at work on a manned mission to Mars. Though those are perhaps many decades away, "I'm anticipating that person will be riding on a Boeing rocket," Muilenburg said.

Reuters: Boeing aims for supersonics and Mars at outset of second century, Alwyn Scott

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A Word From The Author - Throw-away stories

Posted by A. Y. Emanuel on July 25, 2016 at 5:30pm

I have what I call throw-away stories. These are stories that I never write down. They are sometimes complex or simple. I run through them in different ways, living in one character or another. But they are not full and complete stories, like the ones I share. They are not crystallized, like the ones I write down, but remain fluid, mutable. Sometimes I come up with the greatest ideas through them - and I might adapt it and write it down for another story. But these stay in my head, and I live and breath them and forget the great scenes I come up with and start them over again when the story can't advance any further. They don't have to make sense or be plausible in any way.

 

What's the point?

 

Well, for me, there are several points to this. The first is getting to sleep. Without these stories, I would not be able to quiet my brain enough for somnolence. The problems and worries of my life would just run over and over in my head, looking for a solution. When I've worn such mental tracks across my neurons for the millionth time and still come up with nothing, I can force them aside with a throw-away story that does not have the pressure of plot development or character consistency.

 

Another is to keep the image-generator in my head going. I live these scenes. I can feel, hear, taste, smell, and see everything each character experiences, and it runs through my head like a movie that I am a part of. It is more like an experience generator - I can be the powerful magic user or the downtrodden waif, the lonely hermit or the hunted fugitive, the victim or the terrorizer. I can be man or woman or beast. I can taste the fear or feel it, inspire feelings of helplessness or be lost in them.

 

Another is kind of taking a vacation. Sometimes I don't want to think about a story that I am writing - there might be a knotty plot problem that I have not  worked out yet, and again, my brain would latch onto that and not let go. There is no such pressure with these stories.

 

Another is to try out the flavor of a situation. Sometimes I see a great scene in a movie, or read one in a book, and I don't care for the way it ends there, so I build my own very improbable scene and try it my way. This is how I got started writing in the first place, by changing the endings to stories or movies that I like, but thought the ending should go another way. They let me use other people's characters that I can change to my liking, take a piece here, add a dash of something I saw or read long ago, and - Action!

 

I love my throw-aways as much as the ones I share with the world. And if they have enough potential, I do write them down and share them with everyone.

 

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Physics and History...

Posted by Reginald L. Goodwin on July 25, 2016 at 5:22am
Galileo Galilei shows the doge of Venice how to use a telescope in this 1858 fresco by Giuseppe Bertini.
Citation: Phys. Today 69, 7, 38 (2016); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.3235

Topics: Civil Engineering, Economy, Education, History, Physics, Science, STEM

Spoiler alert: I'll sound parental, but hopefully not too pedantic.

A Skype conversation with my youngest son revealed two things: 1) he liked working at his now third Civil Engineering summer internship (he's completing a project for an airbase in Japan); 2) he wished he could just do THAT and not return to school for his last year in the fall. My wife and I of course, encouraged him to do just that and the goal would be to get a job after graduation so presumably he would enjoy that too.

He gave an observation I think I had at his age: "why do they have you take all these classes that are unnecessary?" As you'd guess right, the unnecessary classes are those that didn't apply to Civil Engineering.

I told him I appreciated the classes that weren't engineering or physics classes; that sometimes you need "a mental break" from having to do designs and differential equations. It was a respite for me at least.

Plus, part of the entire matriculation experience isn't what you'll GET at the end: it's what you're becoming, and the process of that journey changes you from how you started to how you complete at least the undergraduate leg opening you up to other possibilities. For example, as a Freshman I only had ear for one type of music: Parliament Funkadelic. As a junior studying Thermodynamics and after a "rude" awakening by Al Jarreau singing "Roof Garden," I suddenly developed an appetite and appreciation for Jazz music. Personal research revealed its origins in my own culture and the root art of many popular music forms we take for granted today. If not for art, literature and music we would be stiff and joyless automatons, fulfilling the whims of an employer only; creativity - the fuel of innovation and invention would be significantly lessened. For nothing else, the trifecta is the stuff of "Star Trek" and "Star Wars." I hope I influenced him to think further on his viewpoint.

This article in Physics Today is kind of related to our video conference, which up to being a young adult wasn't only impossible without sophisticated video equipment, it was the stuff of science fiction and "The Jetsons" Saturday cartoon show.

But of course, that in and of itself is an appreciation...of history.

Just as physics is not a list of facts about the world, history is not a list of names and dates. It is a way of thinking that can be powerful and illuminating.

Some things about physics aren’t well covered in a physics education. Those are the messy, rough edges that make everything difficult: dealing with people, singly or in groups; misunderstandings; rivals and even allies who won’t fall in line. Physicists often do not see such issues as contributing to science itself. But social interactions really do influence what scientists produce. Often physicists learn that lesson the hard way. Instead, they could equip themselves for the actual collaborative world, not the idealized solitary one that has never existed.

History can help. An entire academic discipline—history of science—studies the rough edges. We historians of science see ourselves as illustrating the power of stories. How a community tells its history changes the way it thinks about itself. A historical perspective on science can help physicists understand what is going on when they practice their craft, and it provides numerous tools that are useful for physicists themselves.

Physics is a social endeavor

Research is done by people. And people have likes and dislikes, egos and prejudices. Physicists, like everyone else, get attached to their favorite ideas and hang on to them perhaps long after they should let them go. A classic case is the electromagnetic ether, an immensely fruitful concept that dominated physics for most of the 19th century. Even as it became clear that ether theory was causing more problems than it solved, physicists continued to use it as a central explanatory tool—even for many years after Einstein’s 1905 theory of special relativity declared it superfluous. The history of physics is littered with beautiful theories that commanded great loyalty.

People come from places too, and physicists want to protect their homes as much as anyone else. It is easy to forget that 100 years ago during World War I, British scientists refused to talk to their German colleagues on the other side of the trenches. Even after the end of the fighting, Germans and their wartime allies were officially forbidden from joining international scientific organizations. During World War II, the specter of an atomic bomb in the hands of Adolf Hitler terrified Allied physicists into opening the Pandora’s box of nuclear weapons. Many of the scientists involved bemoaned their actions afterward, but war and nationalism make for a potent impetus.

Those incidents are not exceptions. Physicists are not disinterested figures without political views, philosophical preferences, and personal feelings. The history of science can help dismantle the myth of the purely rational genius living outside the everyday world. It makes physics more human.

Physics Today: Why should physicists study history? Matthew Stanley

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A Word From The Artist - About My Skill

Posted by A. Y. Emanuel on July 23, 2016 at 12:56pm

My mother always says that I have natural talent as an artist. That's always nice to hear, but the truth is, that there is nothing natural about it.

I have, basically, two talents: writing, and the ability to learn anything. But even writing I worked to develop and polish. Drawing did not come naturally to me at all. It took decades and thousands of failed attempts to get to the level I have reached, and I am still striving for more. My father taught me the basics of the face when I was about ten. The rest I had to learn painstakingly, garnering what information I could from numerous sources, in the days before the widespread use of the internet. I learned to draw muscly men from anatomy books and body building magazines. I learned to draw poses by looking in the mirror. I trained my left hand to draw, for when I had to draw a pose that required my right hand. I used hundreds of reference  books, art instructional books, and persistence, persistence, persistence.

 

Unfortunately, i spent so much time learning to draw people and animals, that I neglected to practice backgrounds. Thus my introduction and instant love of CG backgrounds. Artists who can successfully use perspective and can draw a convincing tree or flower have my utmost respect.

 

But I am not a natural artist. I have a natural love for drawing and painting, but the skill was all acquired.

My best work comes when I have a model to work from, and references for materials and objects. Some people can pull images directly from their imaginations - they can see the entire picture, they know exactly how they want it to look. That is not me. Usually I have a semi-clear idea of what I want, and I have to build the image as I find references. Of course, my best pieces come when I DO have a clear picture in my head, and I can draw it. But that has happened only a handful of times in my life. And even then, i use reference material to make the image completely clear.

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A Word From The Author - How I Come Up With Names

Posted by A. Y. Emanuel on July 22, 2016 at 10:16am

From Brii Richards:

 

Hello! The addition of a word from the author was a nice touch to your website. There's been something I've thought about ever since I started reading your books and am wondering if you might want to expand upon. The names of people, places and things in your books are all very unique and interesting. But aside from just names, you also have your characters commit the act of naming. What are the conventions that you have your characters abide by in naming. How do you come up with the names. For example, we have a seilel. But then you named the tour the Bloody Eseilel. Just putting that E changed the word to a new word, building on the meaning of the original word, but adding a ton of nuance. All in a little "e"! And don't even get me started on the Ava'Lonan Herstories.

 

Thanks for the second excellent question, Brii!

 

Ah, yes, names.

 

This is one of the harder aspects of writing a story, at least for me. Coming up with a system of names is another one of those things that I put off sometimes, leaving a nice blank (_____) as a place holder. I do this so that the story is not held up by a lack of names. I also space out coming up with names so that they do not all sound exactly the same, which I know would happen if I tried to make them all at the same time. The protagonist is usually named first and right away, since the story is usually told from her or his pint of view. The main antagonist is also named, so that we all know who to hate.

 

Names are funny, tricky, sticky things. I have to be careful when I make up a name, because it has to be a name that fits the character, a name that does not sound too much like anything in the real world (unless my story deals with actual humans), and it has to be a name that I have not used before, or that sounds too similar to a name that I’ve uusedbefore. This is because once a character is named, and I start to live that person’s life, I think of myself (that is, the character thinks of himself/herself) with that name. After that, it is near impossible to change.

 

So, how do I come up with names? I’m almost embarrassed to say. But perhaps knowing my “process” can help, or at least give you a good laugh. I start with a letter, and begin making up nonsensical words. Nonsensical in the sense that they are not words in English, and not names as we know them. There are certain letters that I’m drawn to, and I at first try to avoid these, or else all my characters will have names beginning with “A”, “M”, “R”, “S” or “T”.

 

I also have to decide on the system the names will follow. Will the people have surnames, family names? Clan or Tribe names? Will the children’s names be amalgamations of the parents’ names? Will the names be long and complicated, or short and simple, down to a single syllable? In the real world, there are many systems of naming that are interesting, and that can be modified to fit a story, such as putting the surname first, or making the antecedents’ names part of the overall name (usually the father, to wit, Paul’s son can lead to Paulson).

Then there are the genders to consider. What marks a name as female, as opposed male? The ending letter can denote this – female names might be demarked by ending in “a” or “i”, whereas male names can be marked by ending in “o” or “u”. But there is no hard and fast rule. A completely new convention can be created for a particular world or culture.

 

But it all comes down to making up words, and seeing how they fit. I pic the letter, begin sounding out words, choose how to spell them, and put them in the appropriate place. I try to make them similar in some way, perhaps by the arrangement of the consonants and vowels, or the number of syllables. But the similarities have to be subtle – perhaps groups of individuals’ names from a Tribe or Principality sound kind of similar in a certain world. Names live, just like characters, and once stuck on a character, they almost never come off.

 

To answer the question about the king’s tour in The Secret Tactics being named “the Bloody Eseilel” as a jab toEsalda’s proficiency and willing use of her new swords – I have to confess that there is a part of my brain that is smarter than the rest of me. It is this part that makes connections that my conscious mind would never have come up with. When I am writing a new volume to an existing series, I have to go back and read all  the preceding books (part of what takes so darn long) to input all of the details to this part of my brain. I write down all the little details that make the story unique – “threads” I call them – things to remember to incorporate to keep the storyline consistent, and as I do, this smarter part makes connections and comes up with new ideas that, I think, give the stories an extra special punch.

 

If that sounds bizarre – well, I agree. I will say that I have made a study of my own mind – I know how most of it works, and I know what is in most of the rooms in the mansion in my head (or motel, who can say). But there is, of course, a dark closet where a lot of things go that I don’t need immediately, or I don’t understand right away. I think it is from this closet that a lot of the connections and many of the best ideas come. Or rat droppings. Rats of the psyche are a real pain.

 

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Semiconductor Defects...

Posted by Reginald L. Goodwin on July 22, 2016 at 7:56am
Configuration coordinate diagram, showing important energies and optical transitions. For this example, Etherm gives the acceptor level relative to the CBM.

Citation: J. Appl. Phys. 119, 181101 (2016); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4948245


Topics: Education, Nanotechnology, Semiconductor Technology, STEM


Abstract

Point defects affect or even completely determine physical and chemical properties of semiconductors. Characterization of point defects based on experimental techniques alone is often inconclusive. In such cases, the combination of experiment and theory is crucial to gain understanding of the system studied. In this tutorial, we explain how and when such comparison provides new understanding of the defect physics. More specifically, we focus on processes that can be analyzed or understood in terms of configuration coordinate diagrams of defects in their different charge states. These processes include light absorption, luminescence, and nonradiative capture of charge carriers. Recent theoretical developments to describe these processes are reviewed.

Introduction

Every material contains defects; perfect materials simply do not exist. While it may cost energy to create a defect, configurational entropy renders it favorable to incorporate a certain concentration of defects, since this lowers the free energy of the system.1 Therefore, even in equilibrium, we can expect defects to be present; kinetic limitations sometimes lead to formation of additional defects. Note that all of these considerations also apply to impurities that are unintentionally present in the growth or processing environment. Of course, impurities are often intentionally introduced to tailor the properties of materials. Doping of semiconductors with acceptors and donors is essential for electronic and optoelectronic applications. In the following, we will use the word “defect” as a generic term to cover both intrinsic defects (vacancies, self-interstitials, and antisites) and impurities.

Since defects are unavoidable, we must consider the effects they have on the properties of materials. These effects can be considerable, to the point of determining the functionality of the material, as in p- or n-type doping. Point defects play a key role in diffusion: virtually all diffusion processes are assisted by point defects. Defects are often responsible for degradation of a device. Even in the absence of degradation, defects can limit the performance of a device. Compensation by native point defects can decrease the level of doping that can be achieved. Defects with energy levels within the band gap can act as recombination centers, impeding carrier collection in a solar cell or light emission from a light-emitting diode. Sometimes, these effects can be used to advantage: luminescence centers in wide-band-gap materials can be used to emit light at specified wavelengths; or single-spin centers (such as the nitrogen–vacancy (NV) center in diamond) can act as an artificial atom and serve as a qubit in a quantum information system.2,3 Finally, sometimes, one deliberately wants to grow materials with many defects. Examples are materials for ultrafast optoelectronic switches or semiconductors used to optically generate THz pulses, where defect densities should be large enough so that carrier lifetimes are as short as a few picoseconds.4

Journal of Applied Physics:
Tutorial: Defects in semiconductors—Combining experiment and theory
Audrius Alkauskas1, Matthew D. McCluskey2 and Chris G. Van de Walle3,a)

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Book suggestions for a work endeavor

Posted by Khadija Harris on July 21, 2016 at 10:00pm

Yeah! I have something I'm trying to do for work. Kind of inspired by a forum topic about why black speculative fiction isn't popular. I started getting emails about it recently and it got my brain ticking.

At the large bookstore chain where I work, we do have a few shelves of African American fiction. But they're mostly urban fiction about gangs, or slave narratives. Nothing wrong with either, but my hypothesis is that  if you don't have a way of knowing that there's sci fi written by black people, then you're not going to find it on the shelf labeled 'African American fiction' in our bookstore. For a reader looking for something more, they will not find it there.

One of my co-workers didn't know who Octavia Butler was- that she was black and female and one of the most prolific sci-fi writers around. And that's not their fault at all, but it does prove my point. I'm trying to convince the higher ups at my job that expanding those shelves, or at least including books from the massive sections in sci fi, fantasy and horror, written by black people is important.

People going to those shelves, looking for something other than romance novels and 'urban' fic are going to think that these books don't exist for us. And that's the problem. The sci fi section of the store is MASSIVE. So easy to get lost in, so easy to never know black people are there. My manager said she'd help me create the proposition, and while she said it's a very long shot (not just this idea, but most changes to the system) she is still going to help. She wants a list, and I need suggestions!

I need author, title, ISBN- 13 (or 10), along with publishing date and any other info you can get me. I will take anything and everything, especially repeat suggestions. I want popular stuff. I want to convince these businessmen that black sci fi, black fantasy, that it sells, that it is worthwhile. I don't know if this is going to work, but I am going to try.

Help me!

Thank you for your time.

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Simpler, Faster, Cheaper...

Posted by Reginald L. Goodwin on July 21, 2016 at 6:10am
To prevent cores of single-wall carbon nanotubes from filling with water or other detrimental substances, the NIST researchers advise intentionally prefilling them with a desired chemical of known properties. Taking this step before separating and dispersing the materials, usually done in water, yields a consistently uniform collection of nanotubes, especially important for optical applications.
Credit: Fagan/NIST
View hi-resolution image

Topics: Carbon Nanotubes, Electrical Engineering, Nanotechnology, Semiconductor Technology

Just as many of us might be resigned to clogged salt shakers or rush-hour traffic, those working to exploit the special properties of carbon nanotubes have typically shrugged their shoulders when these tiniest of cylinders fill with water during processing. But for nanotube practitioners who have reached their Popeye threshold and “can’t stands no more,” the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has devised a cheap, quick and effective strategy that reliably enhances the quality and consistency of the materials—important for using them effectively in applications such as new computing technologies.

To prevent filling of the cores of single-wall carbon nanotubes with water or other detrimental substances, the NIST researchers advise intentionally prefilling them with a desired chemical of known properties. Taking this step before separating and dispersing the materials, usually done in water, yields a consistently uniform collection of nanotubes. In quantity and quality, the results are superior to water-filled nanotubes, especially for optical applications such as sensors and photodetectors.

The approach opens a straightforward route for engineering the properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes—rolled up sheets of carbon atoms arranged like chicken wire or honey combs—with improved or new properties.

“This approach is so easy, inexpensive and broadly useful that I can’t think of a reason not to use it,” said NIST chemical engineer Jeffrey Fagan.

NIST:
Simpler, Faster and Cheaper: A Full-filling Approach to Making Carbon Nanotubes of Consistent Quality, Mark Bello

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Wearable Photovoltaics...

Posted by Reginald L. Goodwin on July 20, 2016 at 5:25am
Ultra-thin solar cells are flexible enough to bend around small objects, such as the 1mm-thick edge of a glass slide, as shown here.
CREDIT: Juho Kim, et al/APL

Topics: Consumer Electronics, Electrical Engineering, Materials Science, Photovoltaics, Solar Power

WASHINGTON, D.C., June 20, 2016 -- Scientists in South Korea have made ultra-thin photovoltaics flexible enough to wrap around the average pencil. The bendy solar cells could power wearable electronics like fitness trackers and smart glasses. The researchers report the results in the journal Applied Physics Letters, from AIP Publishing.

Thin materials flex more easily than thick ones -- think a piece of paper versus a cardboard shipping box. The reason for the difference: The stress in a material while it's being bent increases farther out from the central plane. Because thick sheets have more material farther out they are harder to bend.

“Our photovoltaic is about 1 micrometer thick,” said Jongho Lee, an engineer at the Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology in South Korea. One micrometer is much thinner than an average human hair. Standard photovoltaics are usually hundreds of times thicker, and even most other thin photovoltaics are 2 to 4 times thicker.

AIP: Ultra-thin Solar Cells Can Easily Bend Around a Pencil, Catherine Meyers

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Fotoman

Posted by Arnold L. Johnson on July 19, 2016 at 9:26am

I photographer friend sent me a video about a 1200mm camera lens. It looked like a mini bazooka, the case was carried by two persons. They compared it to a 50mm and a 400mm lens. I could stand on a mountain with my arms raised and you could count the hairs on my arm pits (eh, strike that image) from the valley below.

As a young man I had an idea of an imaginary super hero Fotoman who could snap your picture with an Instamatic and beat you by folding, spindling and mutilating the paper photo. His arch nemesis was a crazed copy machine technician. You've seen him xeroxing his behind to send smell-o-grams to business execs.

Fotoman gets the upgrade with digital cams, tablet and drones. If he can get a clear shot, he can alter your image on the fly and delete you if necessary. And don't let him get the green screen drop on ya, LOL! Have to get him a cool helmet with heads-up display and hologram projector. Fotoman uses common technology but is really a home-brewed quantum scientist having had several deep flash encounters of the 4th dimensional kind. He gets flashbacks that seem so real and wears makeup and disguises in public to prevent his real face from being photographed.

Canon's monster 1200mm lens

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Exciton Condensate...

Posted by Reginald L. Goodwin on July 19, 2016 at 6:06am
Figure 1: A Coulomb drag experiment measures the interactions between charges in two closely spaced layers. The experiment entails running a current through the “drive” layer (here, the top layer) and measuring the resulting flow of charge in the “drag” layer (the bottom layer). The panels indicate three (of many) possible drag scenarios associated with two sheets of bilayer graphene (grey). At left, exciton pairs form between holes (red) in the drive layer and electrons (green) in the drag layer, giving rise to a large drag effect. At center, holes drag electrons in the same direction (positive drag) because of momentum transfer between the charges in different sheets. At right, holes drag electrons in the opposite direction (negative drag), an observation in bilayer graphene that is yet to be explained.

Topics: Atomic Physics, Bose-Einstein Condensate, Condensed Matter Physics, Quantum Mechanics

Superfluids (fluids with zero viscosity) and superconductors (materials with zero resistance) have a common ingredient: bosons. These particles obey Bose-Einstein statistics, allowing a collection of them at low temperatures to collapse into a single quantum-mechanical state, or Bose-Einstein condensate. Bosons in superconductors consist of two paired electrons, but the pairing is weak and only occurs at low temperatures. In a quest to build devices that carry electricity with low dissipation at higher temperatures, researchers have therefore explored the possibility of engineering electrical condensates [1] out of strongly bound pairs of electrons and holes, or excitons. Now, two research groups have, independently, fabricated and characterized a graphene-based device that is thought to be a promising platform for realizing an exciton condensate [2, 3]. Neither group has yet found evidence for such a condensate—the ultimate goal of such experiments. But their measurements lay the groundwork for future searches.

Excitons form in semiconductors and insulators. The binding energy between the exciton’s electron and hole can be quite strong, greatly exceeding their thermal energy at room temperature. Unfortunately, excitons recombine quickly, too fast to allow a condensate to form. Although excitons coupled to light confined within a cavity can form hybrid particles (exciton-polaritons) that do live long enough to condense [4], such condensates require a continuous input of light.

APS Viewpoint: Chasing the Exciton Condensate
Michael S. Fuhrer, Alex R. Hamilton

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A Word From The Author- How do you work on so many different books, drawings at once?

Posted by A. Y. Emanuel on July 19, 2016 at 12:38am


Well, that's a great question. I'll try to answer. You know your favorite scene in your favorite movie? You could watch it over and over again, and for those few minutes, you ARE the badass/lover/giant robot on the scene. You live that character's life, feel what they feel, and the words they say come naturally to your lips because they just fit the moment.

Each of my stories is like that. I become each character, male or female or other, I live their lives, I feel what they feel. And I do that everywhere - on the drive to work, when I have a few moments to space out at my desk, before I go to sleep at night. I live many lives, love multiple people, and the really good ones, the lives I love the most, I write down. And when the scene or moment runs out, I try on the next one. Sometimes I want to be the tragic, tortured loner, desperately seeking his love. Sometimes I want be the innocent lover, feeling her first kiss, her first moment of passion. I love my present live and my spouse, but before I met them, these other lives filled the loneliness, took away the empty hours in the middle of the night, when I had no one. It became addictive, and I haven't given it up. Today I am a mage, rescuing an innocent girl, a princess fighting to keep my land from conquest, and an alien species, holding back infected hordes with only my will.

For drawings - I see each scene in my head, like a movie, sometimes, and at a particularly good place I can freeze the moment, and then I look for source material, that is, a picture in my reference pose books that fit the image in my head as closely as I can. It is rare to find just the right pose, but when I do, I draw my best approximation of it. But sometimes, the image is so strong, I don't need reference pictures. Those come out the best.

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A Word From The Author - Building the World of a Story

Posted by A. Y. Emanuel on July 18, 2016 at 1:56pm


I have been writing and imagining stories since I was little, and still afraid of the dark. I also read incessantly, and my favorite books I would read over and over.

“But Ako, what does that have to do with anything? Get to the world building, already!”

I will, I will. I only mention those two things because they are pertinent. The first, imagining my own little stories, is relevant because they always reached a point where I could not drive them forward... it was as if there were no more ground to lay a road on, no foundation.

The second, reading books over and over, is relevant because the stories I loved so much and the writing styles in them that I admired taught me how to make a story do what I wanted it to do.

The culmination is this: a good story has to have a good back story, one that makes sense, is logical, even, in some cases, scientifically feasible. The story has to have a good history to give it foundation.

So here it is... the way I build a world, a whole universe, to support a story, because when all else fails, and the characters themselves cannot drive a story forward, the world that the story is based on can.

So. There are several pieces to consider. And please – these are not set in stone, this is just my process. It won’t work for everyone – I just hope it helps as a jumping-off point.

1) The world itself. And by the world, I mean the planet that the story takes place on, the star it circles, some of the nearby planets that may influence it, and of course, its moon or moons. Is there anything unusual about the planet itself? Does it have some unique quality that gives rise to the cool things in the story that I am writing? Remember, nature rarely wastes anything. If a people or a select group have an ability, in my mind, there should be something driving it, some need or use for it. I put that unusual thing into the planet itself, so that there is a logical reason that the extraordinary people can do what they do.

Is the planet Earth-type? It doesn’t have to be. Remember, the seasons are determined by the axial tilt, and not all planets will have the same tilt as Earth. Change the tilt, and you change the seasons, the kind and arrangement. And not all regions, even here on Earth, have the typical four – where I am from, the tropics, there is no winter or autumn.

Does the planet have several moons, or more than one sun? Moons influence not just the tides, but also the people. The sun or suns influence the kind of diurnal system and circadian cycle (the length of the “day” has an effect on the body of a living thing) the people have.

What is the cool new aspect that makes this world unique? Is it extra dense, making the people heavyworlders? Is it being constantly bombarded? Is it shrouded in nebulae?

I don’t’ think of all of this at the beginning of a story, of course. An interesting idea, a scene, will come to me, and I’ll just start writing, but sooner or later I knuckle down and build the world to fit the story.

2) The timeline and culture. The world and the history of your people will make a difference. Were there wars, upheavals, diaspora? Have they been in the same place for untold generations, or were they driven away, to find a new home?

How technologically advanced are they? Stone-age equivalent, medieval, modern, future, far future? What is their level of technology? Metallurgy? Are they agrarian, or industrial? Rural, urban, or nomadic?

What system of government do they have? A monarchy? A duarchy? A council? An elected body? A dictatorship?

3) The map. It is imperative to draw a map of your world, the different land-masses, the different nations, geographic types. I found out the hard way that geography influences people, culture, even the way people think. Coastal people don’t just eat fish, they worry about storms, tsunamis, invaders by sea, trade by sea. Mountain people can be hardy, isolated, and if the mountains are tall, used to the cold – probably. They are probably good at protecting their trade routes, and may have dominion over the only pass through their demesnes. You get the idea. Rivers move from high places to low land, and influence trade in a preindustrial society.

The map also shows where everyone is in relation to each other. Vague descriptions can work for a while, but sometimes the story needs the fine detail to give it depth. The sharing of borders can be significant.

This is just a snap-shot of what goes into world-building. I am sure I have not included a lot of things that others may consider. Different stories can have emphasis on different aspects.

 

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The Time Telescope- A Ethnic Children's/Tweens sci-fi series

Posted by Christopher Love on July 18, 2016 at 11:10am

https://studios.amazon.com/projects/121410

Check out the new ethnic sci-fi children's series called THE TIME TELESCOPE. JIM DAVIS is an agent for the Bureau of Historic Investigations. He investigates missing information to their historic files of the future. He uses a Time Telescope to go back to the past to show eight year old genius, TASHA JONES, the importance of history first hand.

Please rate so this can be greenlighted by Amazon Studios. Make your voice count. 

We are only going to get on the networks/internet if we push for diversity on screen.

Thank You, Chris Love

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A New Migration...

Posted by Reginald L. Goodwin on July 18, 2016 at 5:34am

Topics: Climate Change, History, Octavia Butler, Politics, Science Fiction


It's been a breathtaking seven days that puts into context what a president has to do: gather information, calm fears for now the second police shooting - the first generated by Alton Sterling and Philando Castile's executions; a terrorist attack by truck in Nice, France in the backdrop of two political conventions poised to pick this president's successor in a volatile world. This election will be a reflection of our fears and our character, beyond our own self-deluding mythology, who we really are.

Some context: "The Great Migration" was of approximately six million African Americans from the rural south to northern cities for opportunities in the budding industrial revolution and (hopefully) AWAY from the De Jure and De Facto segregation, Jim Crow and racial terrorism they were all fleeing. Notable ex-patriots: The ancestors of First Lady Michelle Obama (documented in "The Warmth of Other Suns" by Isabel Wilkerson); James Lee Boggs, deceased husband of Grace Lee Boggs and author of "The American Revolution: Pages from a Negro Worker's Notebook," in which he predicted the impacts of automation and what he referred to at the time "cybernation" that we recognize as the advent of computers in what were once jobs done by humans and less robotics or apps.

Note the plot synopsis from "Parable of the Sower" written by Octavia Butler in 1993:

Set in a future where government has all but collapsed, Parable of the Sower centers on a young woman named Lauren Olamina who possesses what Butler dubbed hyperempathy – the ability to feel the perceived pain and other sensations of others – who develops a benign philosophical and religious system during her childhood in the remnants of a gated community in Los Angeles. Civil society has reverted to relative anarchy due to resource scarcity and poverty. When the community's security is compromised, her home is destroyed and her family murdered. She travels north with some survivors to try to start a community where her religion, called Earthseed, can grow. Wikipedia

Now look at the plot of the US as it relates to a heating climate (I'm sure the same applies overseas as well):


The previous migration was a drive for opportunity and fairness; the next one will be for the first level of Maslow's hierarchy: comfort. The strain on resources will split humanity along tribal and factional lines like never before. Those who "have" will hoard and build up walled cities; defended castles to maintain their bounty from the hungered herds of "have not's." For those youth that will still be around (I'm not anticipating I will), as 2050 approaches they will see how far we've actually migrated...from the caves.

Scientific American: U.S Cities Are Getting Dangerously Hot [Graphic]
A dramatic rise in “danger days” is underway, Mark Fischetti

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Scientism...

Posted by Reginald L. Goodwin on July 15, 2016 at 5:30am
Source: izquotes.com

Topics: History, Physics, Philosophy, Science


Scientism: It's an old word, so old it has to be added to your online dictionary almost everywhere you might type it. It also at first glance sounds reasonable, and in my own oft-used urban descriptor: "science-y."

This description at the beginning of the article from The American Association for the Advancement of Science is instructive and concise:

Historian Richard G. Olson defines scientism as “efforts to extend scientific ideas, methods, practices, and attitudes to matters of human social and political concern.” (1) But this formulation is so broad as to render it virtually useless. Philosopher Tom Sorell offers a more precise definition: “Scientism is a matter of putting too high a value on natural science in comparison with other branches of learning or culture.” (2) MIT physicist Ian Hutchinson offers a closely related version, but more extreme: “Science, modeled on the natural sciences, is the only source of real knowledge.” (3) The latter two definitions are far more precise and will better help us evaluate scientism’s merit.

A History of Scientism

The Scientific Revolution


The roots of scientism extend as far back as early 17th century Europe, an era that came to be known as the Scientific Revolution. Up to that point, most scholars had been highly deferent to intellectual tradition, largely a combination of Judeo-Christian scripture and ancient Greek philosophy. But a torrent of new learning during the late Renaissance began to challenge the authority of the ancients, and long-established intellectual foundations began to crack. The Englishman Francis Bacon, the Frenchman Rene Descartes, and the Italian Galileo Galilei spearheaded an international movement proclaiming a new foundation for learning, one that involved careful scrutiny of nature instead of analysis of ancient texts.

Descartes and Bacon used particularly strong rhetoric to carve out space for their new methods. They claimed that by learning how the physical world worked, we could become “masters and possessors of nature.”(4) In doing so, humans could overcome hunger through innovations in agriculture, eliminate disease through medical research, and dramatically improve overall quality of life through technology and industry. Ultimately, science would save humans from unnecessary suffering and their self-destructive tendencies. And it promised to achieve these goals in this world, not the afterlife. It was a bold, prophetic vision.

From the seeds of this formed the basis for utopia: H.G. Wells was the first science fiction writer to tackle it; Utopia was written I think before the genre was invented by Mary Shelly ("Frankenstein," fairly dystopian to say the least). Star Trek and the proclivities of Gene Roddenberry (an atheist) embodied it in Mr. Spock and the planet Vulcan: human contact with an entire species of beings supposedly led fully by logic and reason. The Earth - post Armageddon - surviving its own hubris and learning to cooperate beyond borders, languages, religions and the previous things that separated the human tribe and made "Mutually Assured Destruction" (M.A.D.) possible in a hopefully fictional Trek timeline.

New Thought: It apparently started in the 19th century originating from Phineas Parkhurst Quimby - imitated ad nauseum by opportunistic others, branching into several realms via modern communications (radio, television, Internet) from faith healers, prosperity gospel, pseudoscience and general quackery. As the link indicates, the enduring appeal is humans feeling empowered in an unpredictable and often cruel cosmos. Many traditional, non denominational, modern and/or New Age gurus have cashed in on this uncertainty quite lucratively. You can see its sustained and prosperous modern incarnations with a simple exercise of channel-surfing.

I would say scientism in its modern expression would be (a representative off-the-top-of-my-head trio) Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris and Neil deGrasse Tyson. They ARE scientists, but have made a lucrative living speaking and writing about the virtues of science; how if we all thought more rationally we wouldn't have to wait for heaven on Earth: we could design it ourselves. Sociologist Jeffrey Guhin in New Scientist challenged the idea that Tyson forwarded of a nation totally run by logic, reason and science (sounds familiar? \\//_). He posits the very simple question that gives one pause: what does "rational" mean? Things that "sounded" rational and science-y like Eugenics was used for wholesale discriminatory behavior by Hitler's Third Reich (you know: concentration camps and gas chambers). If we just "follow-the-data" of standardized test scores, then the often debunked thesis behind "The Bell Curve" sounds rational, because one does not have to take into account generations of poverty vis-à-vis slavery; sharecropping (a word that is a contradiction in terms on its own); racial terrorism; Jim Crow; De Facto and De Jure segregation; bank red lining; differentiated education (for me, torn and outdated books supplemented by xeroxed copies my teachers purchased at their own expense) and no career opportunities to climb the economic ladder to a better life. The better correlation is wealth of parents and guardians to academic achievement, most of which happens to be the dominant culture.

The National Science Foundation (I think) was right to commission a study on Science Literacy and the public good, as more than anything that will determine the outcome of nations as we share and contest resources on this Earth, or prepare as a species to inhabit other worlds to extend us beyond the fate of the dinosaurs.

The broad brush of "all we need is science" is the proportional equivalent to its antithesis: "all we need is (fill in the blank): Buddha, Chia Pets, Gaia, Jesus, Odin, Mood Rings, Mood Rocks, Positive Thinking, Possibility Thinking, Prayer Cloths, Quantum Physics (since we travel < c, highly doubtful), Holy Water; Thor."

What we could all use is a return to actually teaching civics to our respective populations, and leave proselytizing to family units. Methinks both camps need to step back and consider a true "separation of church and state" (& science). It will benefit both camps better to stay in their lanes, without either one harmfully denigrating the other. We need to survive together as a species, or in the words of Dr. King "perish together as fools." The Earth does not need us to circumnavigate the sun, and the universe if we were so foolish wouldn't blink at our hubris...or departure.
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Kollege Kids Update & Relaunch

Posted by Ricardo Holliman on July 14, 2016 at 9:15am

Hello BSFS members; I am Ricardo H the co founder and creator of Kollege Kids. I am the visual/animation coordinator and  co-producer of this show.  As you know we are making major changes to Kollege Kids. We are introducing a new show called "Professor Holmes" which will be the prelude to Kollege Kids. In Professor Holmes; he will be the main character to explain the characters story and background. He will come in contact with other Kollege Kids parents as well.

We will add in a virtual world called Chessman/Africa America which will we will explore and know the story behind the world. The Kollege Kids videos have been removed off YouTube because we going to relaunch it in the fall.  We want to give you a better quality product and we plan on relaunching it this fall. Be on the lookout for Professor Holmes/ Kollge Kids in the Fall.

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Neural Networks and H2O...

Posted by Reginald L. Goodwin on July 14, 2016 at 6:00am
Schematic showing water molecules in the denser water phase (left) and the ice phase. (Courtesy: Tobias Morawietz)


Topics: Artificial Intelligence, Computer Engineering, Computer Science


Artificial neural networks have been used to simulate interactions between water molecules and provide important clues about the remarkable properties of this live-giving substance. The study has been carried out by physicists in Germany and Austria, who used the networks to perform simulations 100,000 times faster than possible with conventional computers. Their work offers explanations for two key properties of water – its maximum density at 4 °C and its melting temperature – but the technique could be expanded to include other aspects of this ubiquitous substance.

Physicists and chemists have long found water's unusual properties difficult to explain. Its density, for example, peaks at around 4 °C, which means that frozen water floats on liquid water – a property that is vital for aquatic creatures that have to survive in cold climates. Massive computer simulations have shown that hydrogen bonds between water molecules play a key role, but these simulations do not tell the whole story.

One key challenge is understanding the role of van der Waals interactions, which arise from quantum fluctuations in the electrical polarizations of water and other molecules. Van der Waals interactions have traditionally been hard to include in computer simulations, but Tobias Morawietz and colleagues at the Ruhr-Universität Bochum and the University of Vienna have now used artificial neural networks (ANNs) to model them in water. ANNs are computer algorithms that "learn" how to perform a specific task by being fed data related to that task. An ANN could, for example, learn how to recognize an individual's face by being fed photographs of people and being told which images are of the target person.

Physics World: Neural networks provide deep insights into the mysteries of water
Hamish Johnston

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Meet Bill McCormick (if that's what you're into)

Posted by Bill McCormick on July 13, 2016 at 8:48pm

Join DJ International TV This Sunday night in Berwyn and meet Bill McCormick, one of the authors of Legends Parallel.

Bill will be discussing his transition from being a DJ on Z-95 to being a professional sci-fi writer and and how odd things can get in the real world. There will be cheap drinks, good food, and lots of fun.

Nine 30 Ten Sports Lounge - 5:00 PM / 07/17
6710 W Cermak
Berwyn, IL 60402

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